Annular fin

In thermal engineering, an annular fin is a specific type of fin used in heat transfer that varies, radially, in cross-sectional area. Adding an annular fin to an object increases the amount of surface area in contact with the surrounding fluid, which increases the convective heat transfer between the object and surrounding fluid. Because surface area increases as length from the object increases, an annular fin transfers more heat than a similar pin fin at any given length. Annular fins are often used to increase the heat exchange in liquid–gas heat exchanger systems.

To derive the governing equation of an annular fin, certain assumptions must be made. The fin must have constant thermal conductivity and other material properties, there must be no internal heat generation, there must be only one-dimensional conduction, and the fin must be at steady state.

Applying the energy conservation principle to a differential element between radii r and r + Δr yields

${\displaystyle q(2\pi r)(2t){\Bigr |}_{r}-q(2\pi r)(2t){\Bigr |}_{r+\Delta r}-h_{c}(2)2\pi r\,\Delta r\left(T-T_{e}\right)=0,}$

where the first two terms are heat transferred through conduction, while the third is heat lost due to convection with the surrounding fluid. T represents the temperature at r and T_e represents the temperature of the surrounding fluid. Next, applying Fourier's law

${\displaystyle q=-k{\frac {\partial T}{\partial r}}}$

and dividing by 4πΔr, letting Δr → 0, yields

${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\left(r\,{\frac {\partial T}{\partial r}}\right)-h_{c}\,r\,{\frac {T-T_{e}}{k\,t}}=0.}$

Assigning new variables z

${\displaystyle z=r{\sqrt {\frac {h_{c}}{k\,t}}}}$

and θ, where T_b is the temperature at the base of the fin,

${\displaystyle \theta ={\frac {T-T_{e}}{T_{b}-T_{e}}}}$

results in the governing equation for heat transfer of an annular fin:

${\displaystyle z^{2}\,{\frac {\partial ^{2}\theta }{\partial z^{2}}}+z\,{\frac {\partial \theta }{\partial z}}-z^{2}\,\theta =0.}$

The maximum possible heat loss from an annular fin occurs when the fin is isothermal. This ensures that the temperature difference between the fin and the surrounding fluid is maximized at every point along the fin, increasing heat transfer by convection, and ultimately heat loss Q:

${\displaystyle Q=k\,\left(4\pi r_{1}t\right)\left(T_{b}-T_{e}\right)\beta \left[C_{2}\,K_{1}\left(\beta r_{1}\right)-C_{1}\,I_{1}\left(\beta r_{1}\right)\right].}$

The efficiency η_f of an annular fin is the ratio of its heat loss to the heat loss of a similar isothermal fin:

${\displaystyle \eta _{f}={\frac {\displaystyle {\frac {2r_{1}}{\beta }}\,K_{1}\left(\beta r_{1}\right)\,I_{1}\left(\beta r_{2}\right)-I_{1}\left(\beta r_{1}\right)\,K_{1}\left(\beta r_{2}\right)}{r_{2}^{2}-r_{1}^{2}\,K_{0}\left(\beta r_{1}\right)\,I_{1}\left(\beta r_{2}\right)+I_{0}\left(\beta r_{1}\right)\,K_{1}\left(\beta r_{2}\right)}}.}$

• Mills, A.F. (1998). Heat Transfer (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 86–108. ISBN 0-13-947624-5.