[go: up one dir, main page]

Jump to content

Andrew Hauptman

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Andrew Hauptman
Born1969 (age 54–55)
CitizenshipUnited States
EducationB.A. Yale University
M.B.A. Harvard University
Occupation(s)Co-founder & Chairman of Andell Holdings (1998-present)
Owner & Chairman of Chicago Fire FC (2007-2019)
SpouseEllen Bronfman Hauptman
RelativesCharles Bronfman (father-in-law)

Andrew Hauptman (born 1969) is an American business executive, philanthropist, and civic leader.[1][2][3] Hauptman co-founded the investment firm Andell Holdings which he has helmed since its inception in 1998 and has grown into one of the leading family office entities in the nation.[2][3]

Early life

[edit]

Hauptman was born in 1969[4] on Eglin Air Force Base in Ft. Walton Beach, and raised in Smithtown, New York.[5] His father is a retired pediatrician and his mother is an artist and former college counseling advisor.[6] He graduated with a B.A. from Yale University[7] and an M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.[8] Early in his career, he worked at Alex. Brown & Sons in New York City and later, as an executive with Universal Studios in London, where he played a key role in the oversight of its international operations. In his youth, he was a competitive soccer and tennis player and participated in social service programs in Latin America (Belize) and Sub-Saharan Africa (Lesotho).[9][3]

Andell Holdings

[edit]

Andell invests directly in private and public companies and real estate, acquiring control and minority stakes, as well as with top-tier investment managers across the globe.[2][8][10][7] Andell's real estate platform includes a variety of investments across all asset classes and throughout the capital structure.[11]

Board affiliations

[edit]

Hauptman has been a director of numerous public and private companies. He currently serves on the advisory board of Altas Partners and Pendulum Holdings.[2]

Representative Corporate Board Appointments (current and former):[2]

Civic and Philanthropic Board Appointments (current and former):

Key business dealings

[edit]

Chicago Fire Soccer Club

[edit]

From 2007 to 2019, Hauptman was owner and chairman of Major League Soccer's Chicago Fire Soccer Club. In 2007, Andell purchased the Chicago Fire from billionaire Philip Anschutz's AEG for $35 million.[19][10][20][21] Under Hauptman's ownership, the Club experienced dramatic growth, with the franchise value increasing more than eleven-fold culminating in a sale at $400m.[21][22]

Growth

[edit]

Per The Athletic, Hauptman's 12-year tenure as owner was a transformational one for the franchise and the league.[22] Hauptman entered the league as one of 12 owners; the league has since expanded to include 30 teams.[22] During this period, Hauptman sat on the league's board of governors and was an active member of MLS governance, holding positions on various league committees including the Expansion, Media, Competition, and Advisory Finance Committees.[23][24] He was closely involved in the design and creation of MLS' logo redesign launched in 2014.[25] Under Hauptman, the Fire made extensive investments in the first team – regularly ranking in the top five in the league in salary outlay – as well as community programming and resources, working to build excitement for the sport from the ground up.[22][26]

Notable players under Hauptman’s ownership included American star Brian McBride, World Cup Winner Bastian Schweinsteiger, Mexican legends Pavel Pardo and Cuauhtemoc Blanco, and Arsenal star Freddie Ljungberg.[27][28][29]

Community

[edit]

Hauptman's ownership was marked by emphasizing and establishing deep roots and an ethos of giving across the community.[13][30] During his tenure, Hauptman constructed the $22 million, 125,000 square foot CIBC Fire Pitch community center on the north side of Chicago serving 300,000 participants annually,[26][31] launched the Chicago Fire Rec Soccer League (which grew to 20,000 participants), expanded the Chicago Fire Juniors program (from 400 to 16,000 players across six states),[32] and formed the Chicago Fire Academy, one of the first fully scholarshipped programs in the nation, which became a source for star players signed to the first team. Hauptman also expanded the Chicago Fire Foundation and created its award-winning P.L.A.Y.S. (Participate Learn Achieve Youth Soccer) program, which expanded into 30 schools in the Chicago Public Schools district, and formed a partnership with the U.S Soccer Foundation and the city of Chicago to build 50 mini-pitches in underserved neighborhoods across Chicago.[8][33]

Recognition

[edit]

The club was consistently recognized for its deep community engagement, including being awarded ESPN's 2019 Sports Humanitarian Team of the Year Award, the 2017 Corporate Citizen of the Year Award by the Executives' Club of Chicago, the 2016 Beyond Sport Team of the Year, winning over other finalists FC Barcelona, Arsenal FC, the San Francisco Giants, and the Detroit Pistons, and the 2015 Robert Wood Johnson Sport Team of the Year.[30][34][35][36] Mayor Rahm Emanuel praised the "key long-term investments" of the Fire and their ability to "drive tourism and bolster Chicago's future by encouraging our youth to engage in sports and spurring economic development across neighborhoods."[37] He also highlighted the "culture of the Chicago Fire," saying "we're a better city because of what you do."[38] Under Hauptman’s leadership, Chicago competed against Manchester United in Chicago in 2011 and hosted the 2017 MLS All Star Game vs. Real Madrid, at Soldier Field.[39][40] The games set TV viewership records with the 2017 All Star Game being watched by viewers in 170 countries.[39] Hauptman was inducted into the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame as Sports Advocate of the year in 2017 for his singular commitments to the city and to the sport of soccer.[41][42]

Bridgeview deal

[edit]

According to Forbes, the deal to move the team to Bridgeview, IL which pre-dated Hauptman's purchase of the team, meant the Fire were "saddled with one of the worst stadium deals and restrictive leases in American pro sports" due to a lack of public transportation and contextual economic issues which had historically limited the municipality’s investment.[21] Hauptman led a complex and successful multi-year effort to leave Bridgeview and move the team to downtown Chicago and Soldier Field.[43] In 2019, with the support of both Mayors, he brokered deals with the Village of Bridgeview to exit its lease early and closed a three-year deal with the city of Chicago to return to Chicago's Soldier Field, beginning in 2020.[43]

Sale

[edit]

In September 2019, after securing the relocation of the team downtown, Hauptman sold his controlling interest in the Fire to Joe Mansueto, founder of Morningstar, Inc., who had purchased a minority stake a year earlier.[21][44] Mansueto's purchase valued the franchise at $400 million.[21][22][43] Mansueto credits Hauptman for having "developed a tremendous platform for continued soccer growth across Chicago and beyond, worked tirelessly to dramatically increase the profile of the Chicago Fire Soccer Club, MLS, and the game overall and... left a wonderful legacy for our City."[45][43][46]

In an interview with Forbes, Hauptman said, “I feel good about what’s been accomplished and the foundation that’s been built. The scale of our operations, along with strong management, a great local owner in Joe ... and, importantly for me and my family, an ethos of giving to the community that’s become a core part of the Fire’s culture has set the stage for success as we move downtown. Our move to an historic stadium in the heart of downtown Chicago is a major moment for the club, MLS and the city.”[21]

BSN Sports

[edit]

From 2007 until 2013, Hauptman’s holding company Andell was co-owner of BSN Sports, (formerly Sports Supply Group) the largest multi-channel direct marketer, manufacturer and distributor of sporting goods, athletic equipment and team sports apparel in the United States.[47] After acquiring an ownership stake in the publicly-traded business in 2007, Hauptman brought ONCAP Management Partners (a part of Onex Corporation) to the table, and alongside management, orchestrated a take-private transaction in 2010.[48]

In June 2013, a strategic buyer purchased BSN.[48] Andell achieved more than a 4.5x gross multiple of its capital invested, representing a 67.6% gross IRR over the last three-year investment period.[47][49]

Storage Mobility/PODS

[edit]

From 2004 through 2014, Hauptman founded, owned, and operated Storage Mobility, the largest franchisee of PODS Enterprises, Inc.[50]

Under Hauptman’s tenure as chairman of the board, Storage Mobility launched and operated PODS locations in 21 new markets across the United States.[51] In 2014, Hauptman reached an agreement to merge Storage Mobility with PODS which subsequently sold in 2015 to Ontario Teachers for $1 billion.[52]

Altas Partners

[edit]

In 2013, Hauptman backed the launch of Toronto-based Altas Partners, Canada’s largest independent private equity firm, managing more than $9 billion in capital.[53][54] Hauptman currently serves as an advisor and founding Advisory Board member. Altas has acquired businesses including NSC Minerals in 2013 (sold to Kissner Group in 2019);[55][56] Medforth Global Healthcare Education in 2014 (partially sold to Carlyle Group in 2017, with the remaining sale finalized in 2022);[57][58][59] and Capital Vision Services/MyEyeDr in 2015, representing 165 optometry centers serving 1.8 million patients in seven states.[60][61][62] MyEyeDr grew to 575 practices in 18 states and was sold to Goldman Sachs for $2.7 billion in 2019.[60]

Philanthropy

[edit]

Hauptman is a board member of the Center for American Progress, the independent policy institute committed to improving the lives of Americans through bold progressive ideas and leadership.[63] For more than twelve years, Hauptman served as a National Trustee for City Year Inc., an education nonprofit that recruits young adults to serve as AmeriCorps members in under-resourced schools and communities across the nation and was elected Charter Trustee in 2020.[64][14] Hauptman also co-founded and led the effort to bring City Year to Los Angeles in 2007, where he served as chairman for nine years and continues as Chair Emeritus.[14][65] He serves on the Leadership Council of Service Year Alliance and is a co-chair of the organization’s “Serve America Together” campaign, which called on 2020 presidential candidates to make national service a priority.[66] Hauptman is also on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Coalition for the Economy and Jobs[16] and the Leadership Council of International Medical Corps.[67]

Hauptman served as president of the Chicago Fire Foundation for twelve years, where he launched the award-winning P.L.A.Y.S. Program.[33] He co-founded and serves as director of the Bronfman Hauptman Foundation, dedicated to social justice, advancements in education, environmental protection, and other philanthropic and civic causes.[68] He is a co-founder and Trustee of the Charles Bronfman Prize, which recognizes young humanitarians whose work is "grounded in their Jewish values and is of universal benefit to all people". Recent laureates include Becca Heller, the co-founder and executive director of International Refugee Assistance Project, Nik Kafka, the founder of Teach a Man to Fish, David Hertz, the co-founder and president of Gastromotiva, and Amy Bach, founder of Measures for Justice.[69]  

Hauptman's notable public contributions include the Obama Foundation,[70] the Mayor's Fund for Los Angeles to support those most adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic,[71] and City Year Los Angeles to motivate donors to give in the wake of COVID-19.[72]

Published works

[edit]

Hauptman has authored a number of pieces stressing the value of national service and called for strong funding for national service programs. Hauptman has been a contributor on CNN.COM, The74Million, Huffington Post, and Crain's.[1][73][74][75]

Politics

[edit]

Hauptman has been a leading contributor nationally to Democratic candidates.[76][77]

Hauptman was a leading national donor and fundraiser in the 2020 effort to elect President Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris.[78][79][80]

Andell Entertainment

[edit]

Hauptman previously developed and produced several feature films including State of Play, starring Russell Crowe in 2009, Millions directed by Danny Boyle in 2004, and John Hamburg's directorial debut, Safe Men, which premiered at Sundance in 1998.[81][82]

Honors and awards

[edit]
  • 2017 Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame (CSHOF) Inductee [41]
  • 2017 City Year Honoree [83]

Personal life

[edit]

Hauptman is married to Ellen Bronfman Hauptman, the daughter of Canadian businessman Charles Bronfman.[84] They have two children, Lila and Zack.[85] They are members of Sinai Temple,[86] a conservative synagogue.[87]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Brown, Michael; Hauptman, Andrew (2013-06-27). "Where will you give your year of service?". CNN. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  2. ^ a b c d e "People". www.altas.com. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  3. ^ a b c d e TCBP. "Who We Are". The Charles Bronfman Prize. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  4. ^ Chicagoland Soccer News: "WHO IS ANDREW HAUPTMAN? - New Fire Owner Opens Up About Fire Purchase" by Kathryn L. Knapp Archived 2014-09-11 at the Wayback Machine April 8, 2008
  5. ^ ESPN: "No transition: Fire owner wants a winner" by Charlie Corr September 12, 2010
  6. ^ Entrepreneur magazine: "Father Knows Better - Words of wisdom-not from industry leaders, but the men who helped them become leaders" June 10, 2008
  7. ^ a b BusinessWeek: Company Overview of Andell Holdings, LLC June 8, 2015
  8. ^ a b c Chicago Fire: "Andrew Hauptman - Owner and Chairman, Chicago Fire Soccer Club, Chairman, Andell, Inc" retrieved September 10, 2014
  9. ^ "No transition: Fire owner wants a winner". ESPN.com. 2010-09-13. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  10. ^ a b Washington Post: "Andell Holdings Buys MLS' Chicago Fire" By GARY GENTILE September 6, 2007
  11. ^ News (2022-02-03). "Ridge Capital acquires 444-unit San Francisco Bay Area multifamily portfolio". Yield PRO. Retrieved 2022-04-28. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  12. ^ "Board of Directors". Center for American Progress. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  13. ^ a b chicagofirefc. "Chicago Fire Foundation Announces Expansion of P.L.A.Y.S. Program | Chicago Fire FC". chicagofirefc. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  14. ^ a b c d "Andrew Hauptman". City Year. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  15. ^ "Yearly Report". yearly.report. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  16. ^ a b "Meet the Members of L.A. Coalition | Leaders of the Los Angeles Region". The LA Coalition. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  17. ^ "LittleSis: Los Angeles Fund for Public Education". littlesis.org. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  18. ^ "Leadership Council". Service Year Alliance. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  19. ^ "Hauptman to Purchase Chicago Fire". Thesportsbizblog.blogspot.com. July 12, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
  20. ^ Chicago Fire Foundation Announces Expansion of P.L.A.Y.S. Program March 2, 2015
  21. ^ a b c d e f Smith, Chris. "Billionaire Joe Mansueto Completes Purchase Of Chicago Fire At $400 Million Valuation". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  22. ^ a b c d e Rivera, Guillermo; Tenorio, Paul. "Andrew Hauptman sells Chicago Fire to minority owner Joe..." The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  23. ^ Smith, Chris. "Billionaire Joe Mansueto Completes Purchase Of Chicago Fire At $400 Million Valuation". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  24. ^ "MLS Expansion Committee Morphs Membership, Expands By One". www.sportsbusinessdaily.com. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  25. ^ Straus, Brian. "Out with the old, and in with the new. Check out new MLS logo, look". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  26. ^ a b Pub and Play: Fire Pitch defining a new center for Chicago soccer by Shane Murray July 31, 2017
  27. ^ mlssoccer. "Hauptman changing Fire on, off field | MLSSoccer.com". mlssoccer. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  28. ^ Farley, Richard (2013-01-19). "Chicago Fire say goodbye to retiring Pavel Pardo". ProSoccerTalk | NBC Sports. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  29. ^ "Ljungberg's job unfinished in MLS". ESPN.com. 2010-08-05. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  30. ^ a b chicagofirefc. "Chicago Fire Soccer Club Honored by Chicago Charity Challenge | Chicago Fire FC". chicagofirefc. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  31. ^ Crain's Chicago Business: "Chicago Fire owner building soccer dome on North Side" by Danny Ecker Dec 16, 2013
  32. ^ "Overview". www.chicagofirejuniorscity.com. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  33. ^ a b "Chicago Fire Foundation Announces Expansion of P.L.A.Y.S. Program". Chicago Fire. 2015-03-02. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  34. ^ "Chris Long, MLS' Fire win Humanitarian awards". ESPN.com. 2019-07-10. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
  35. ^ "Beyond Sport". beyondsport.org. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  36. ^ chicagofirefc. "Chicago Fire Soccer Club Named ESPN's Sports Humanitarian Team of the Year | Chicago Fire FC". chicagofirefc. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  37. ^ "Chicago Fire Soccer Club Officially Opens the PrivateBank Fire Pitch". December 8, 2015.
  38. ^ "Chicago Fire Foundation and Community Relations represented at Beyond Sport Mexico". November 14, 2017.
  39. ^ a b "2017 MLS All-Star Game vs. Real Madrid sets new TV viewership record". MLS Soccer. August 4, 2017.
  40. ^ "Chicago Fire - Important Dates". July 23, 2011.
  41. ^ a b 2017 Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony August 25, 2017
  42. ^ "Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame Introduces Class of 2017". Comcast Greater Chicago Region. 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  43. ^ a b c d "Chicago Fire owner Andrew Hauptman sells majority stake in MLS franchise - SportsPro Media". www.sportspromedia.com. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  44. ^ Bannon, Tim (July 11, 2018). "Chicago billionaire Joe Mansueto buys 49 percent stake in Fire". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  45. ^ Bannon, Tim. "Billionaire Joe Mansueto takes full ownership of the Chicago Fire". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  46. ^ "Joe Mansueto buys Chicago Fire". Crain's Chicago Business. 2019-09-13. Retrieved 2019-11-12.
  47. ^ a b "BSN Sports | Onex". www.onex.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  48. ^ a b SPORTS, BSN (2013-05-16). "BSN SPORTS to Merge With Herff Jones". GlobeNewswire News Room (Press release). Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  49. ^ "BSN Sports | ONCAP". www.oncap.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  50. ^ "PODS Enterprises buys its largest franchisee". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  51. ^ Inc, PODS Enterprises. "PODS Enterprises, Inc. to purchase assets of Storage Mobility, LLC, the nation's largest PODS franchisee". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2022-05-05. {{cite press release}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  52. ^ "Ontario Teachers buys PODS from Arcapita for $1 billion". Financial Post. 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  53. ^ Jain, Aman (2020-11-20). "These Are The Biggest Private Equity Firms In Canada - ValueWalk". www.valuewalk.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  54. ^ "About Us". www.altas.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  55. ^ "ORIX Private Equity Solutions and Altas Partners Acquires NSC Minerals | Mergr". mergr.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  56. ^ "Kissner Group Holdings Acquires NSC Minerals from Altas Partners". Bloomberg.com. 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  57. ^ Witkowsky, Chris (2019-04-24). "Altas, former Onex exec's shop, raises more than $2 bln for next long-life PE fund". Buyouts. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  58. ^ "Medforth Global Healthcare Education". www.altas.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  59. ^ "Medforth Global Healthcare Education | Carlyle". www.carlyle.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  60. ^ a b Gottfried, Miriam (2019-06-03). "Goldman Unit to Buy Manager of Optometry Practices". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  61. ^ Gelsi, Steve (2015-08-24). "Altas Partners, Caisse de depot buy stake in Capital Vision Services". Buyouts. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  62. ^ "Capital Vision Services receives equity investment from Altas Partners and CDPQ". CDPQ. 2017-03-14. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  63. ^ "RELEASE: Sec. Julián Castro and Andrew Hauptman Join the CAP Board of Directors". Center for American Progress. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  64. ^ "City Year Los Angeles Announces New Board Co-Chairs Giselle Fernandez and Mattie McFadden-Lawson". Los Angeles Sentinel. 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  65. ^ Seikaly, Andrea (2015-04-26). "Octavia Spencer, Stacey Snider, Carly Rae Jepsen Help Raise $1.5M at City Year Spring Break". Variety. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  66. ^ "The Serve America Together Presidential Challenge". Serve America. Together. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  67. ^ "Leadership". International Medical Corps. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  68. ^ Tabankin, Marge (Jan 1, 2011). "One Family's Philanthropic Legacy: Charles R. Bronfman, Ellen Bronfman Hauptman, and Stephen R. Bronfman Talk About Philanthropy, Values and the Jewish Community". Stanford | Berman Jewish Policy Archive. Retrieved Jan 1, 2011.
  69. ^ "Charles Bronfman Prize Names Amy Bach, Founder of Measures for Justice, as 2018 Recipient | DRK Foundation | Supporting passionate, high impact social enterprises". Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  70. ^ "Big names on Obama Foundation list of donors". Crain's Chicago Business. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  71. ^ Patten, Dominic (2020-03-30). "Hollywood Helps L.A. Healthcare Workers, Seniors & "Worst Off" In Coronavirus Fight; Bob Iger, Steven Spielberg & Jeffrey Katzenberg Donate $500K Each To City Fund". Deadline. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  72. ^ "Spring Break LIVE!". City Year. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  73. ^ Hauptman, Andrew (4 May 2021). "Hauptman: Biden's American Rescue Plan Presents an Opportunity to Heal the Country Through National Service". Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  74. ^ "Andrew Hauptman | HuffPost". www.huffpost.com. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  75. ^ "Help me save a small, but critical, program in Chicago schools". Crain's Chicago Business. 2017-05-29. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  76. ^ Johnson, Ted (2021-08-13). "Hollywood Donors Boost Coffers For Gavin Newsom Anti-Recall Effort As Joe Biden Calls For Californians To Vote "No" — Update". Deadline. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  77. ^ "Browse Individual contributions". FEC.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  78. ^ Schwartz, Brian (2020-08-04). "Joe Biden bundlers plot fundraising blitz to follow running mate announcement". CNBC. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  79. ^ "Beverly Hills Home To Trump's Biggest California Donor". Beverly Hills, CA Patch. 2020-09-24. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  80. ^ Haas, Mariah (2020-08-18). "George Clooney, Jeffrey Katzenberg among others to host Biden-Harris fundraiser following DNC: report". FOXBusiness. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  81. ^ Roman, Monica (1998-04-01). "October puts lock on Hamburg's 'Safe Men'". Variety. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  82. ^ "With Andell Entertainment (Sorted by Popularity Ascending)". IMDb. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
  83. ^ Juan Rangel working to get Mexican-Americans into leadership roles Archived 2017-09-05 at the Wayback Machine May 22, 2017
  84. ^ Forbes: "Major League Soccer's Billionaire Owners" by Charles Smith November 20, 2013
  85. ^ "Andrew Hauptman's Speech at the 2012 Season Kickoff Luncheon | Chicago Fire FC".
  86. ^ "Making an impact in the Jewish world with philanthropic spirit". Jewish Journal. November 17, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  87. ^ "MISSION, STATEMENT OF INCLUSION, & HISTORY". Sinai Temple. June 12, 2022. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
[edit]