Canalizations of Zenobia

The Canalizations of Zenobia or El Kanat are canals that according to traditions, were built by Queen Zenobia to channel water from the Orontes river in the Anti-Lebanon mountains to Palmyra.^[1] Remains of the ruins of the canals can be seen in places around Lebanon.^[1]

History

Some of the canals were built in the second century during Hadrian's time, when the region was fully under Roman rule. There are bridges over canals, still standing from Roman times.^[2]

It has been suggested that one of the canals originated from a mountain near Labweh extending to Qusayr.^[3] The other extends from the village of Chawaghir, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) north of Hermel.^[4] The canals were cut out of solid limestone bedrock to a depth of 20 metres (66 ft) with wells approximately every 100 metres (330 ft).^[5]

Probably Queen Zenobia extended the original canals, in order to bring water to the nearly 200,000 inhabitants of the city and surroundings when she ruled her kingdom.^[6]

The canals were used until the Arab conquest, when they were destroyed.

Data

One of the canals is suggested to originate from a mountain near Labweh extending to Qusayr.^[3] Labweh has several archaeological sites of interest including three old caves with Roman-Byzantine sarcophagi and the remains of a temple. There are also remains of a Byzantine bastion and a Roman dam suggested to date to the reign of Queen Zenobia. Legend suggests that channels were carved through the rock to send water to her lands in Palmyra, Syria.^[7]

Another canal extends from the village of Chawaghir, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) north of Hermel.^[8] The canals - until the outskirts of Palmyra - were cut out of solid limestone bedrock to a depth of 20 metres (66 ft) with wells approximately every 100 metres (330 ft).^[9]

Archaeologist Diana Kirkbride wrote:^[10]

Among the remains to be found around Hermel one may see the canalizations of Zenobia, queen of Palmyra. Two of them hewn in the rock supplied the city of Palmyra in the desert with water from the Orontes. They were dug at a depth of twenty meters and were connected with wells dug at every hundred meters, channeling the water off to Palmyra, the short-lived capital of Queen Zenobia.

The traditional suggestion that the canals were originally constructed during the brief reign of Zenobia has been treated as probable -but not sure- by Michael Alouf, who notes the existence of canals traces in the desert.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Michel M. Alouf; Tedd St Rain (1999). History of Baalbek. Book Tree. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-58509-063-1. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
^ Roman bridge over canal supposed to be built under Zenobia
^ ^a ^b Halim Said Abu-Izzeddin (1963). Lebanon and its provinces: a study by the governors of the five provinces. Khayats. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
^ Guadagnoli, Giulia, Hermel - Survey of social and economic establishments in 5 municipalities, MADA, January 2009^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Sahili, Jamal., (Translated by Lynn Waked), Hermel, The wealth of ancient monuments, Lebanese National News Agency, 24 November 2010.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Palmira (in Italian)
^ Ba'albeck - Al-Hermal, Bekaa - Tourist Brochure
^ "Guadagnoli, Giulia, Hermel - Survey of social and economic establishments in 5 municipalities, MADA, January 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
^ "Sahili, Jamal., (Translated by Lynn Waked), Hermel, The wealth of ancient monuments, Lebanese National News Agency, 24 November 2010". Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
^ Kirkbride, Diana. "Early Byblos and the Bakaa", Volume 45 (Pages 43–60), Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph (Beirut Lebanon), 1969

External links

[AloufRain1999-1] Michel M. Alouf; Tedd St Rain (1999). History of Baalbek. Book Tree. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-58509-063-1. Retrieved 1 October 2012.

[2] Roman bridge over canal supposed to be built under Zenobia

[Abu-Izzeddin1963-3] Halim Said Abu-Izzeddin (1963). Lebanon and its provinces: a study by the governors of the five provinces. Khayats. Retrieved 1 October 2012.

[4] Guadagnoli, Giulia, Hermel - Survey of social and economic establishments in 5 municipalities, MADA, January 2009^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[5] Sahili, Jamal., (Translated by Lynn Waked), Hermel, The wealth of ancient monuments, Lebanese National News Agency, 24 November 2010.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

[6] Palmira (in Italian)

[Brochure-7] Ba'albeck - Al-Hermal, Bekaa - Tourist Brochure

[8] "Guadagnoli, Giulia, Hermel - Survey of social and economic establishments in 5 municipalities, MADA, January 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2012-10-01.

[9] "Sahili, Jamal., (Translated by Lynn Waked), Hermel, The wealth of ancient monuments, Lebanese National News Agency, 24 November 2010". Archived from the original on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2012.

[10] Kirkbride, Diana. "Early Byblos and the Bakaa", Volume 45 (Pages 43–60), Mélanges de l'Université Saint-Joseph (Beirut Lebanon), 1969

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v t e Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
Roman Berytus (actual Beirut)	Berytus ¹ Roman Forum of Berytus Berytus Roman Baths Cisterns of Berytus Baths Berytus Cardo Decumanus Berytus Colonnaded street Byzantine mosaics Roman hippodrome of Berytus Roman Law school of Berytus
Roman Phoenicia (actual Lebanon)	Heliopolis Temple of Bacchus Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek) Temples of Mount Hermon Temples of the Beqaa Valley Aaqbe temple Afqa Ain Aata temple Ain Harcha roman temple Amioun Monastery Arca Caesarea Augusti Pagus Bakka temple Batroumine Bziza temple Canalizations of Zenobia Dakoue temple Mansourieh Roman aqueduct Hebbariye temple Iaat column Kafr Zabad temples Khirbet El-Knese roman temples Labweh Roman temple Libbaya roman temple Monastery of Qozhaya Monastery of Saint Maron Nahle roman temple Nebi Safa temple Niha Hosn Niha Qalaat Faqra Qal'at Bustra temple Castra Chbib Castra El Banat Saraain El Faouqa Schleem roman temple Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon" Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum Tripolis in Phoenicia Tyrus ¹ Tyre Necropolis Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
Related	Roman Lebanon Phoenice (Roman province) Palaestina Secunda Phoenice Libanensis Stone of the Pregnant Woman Ulpianus Marcus Valerius Probus Eudokia of Heliopolis Saint Barbara of Heliopolis Coele-Syria List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon Christianity in Lebanon Catholic Church in Lebanon Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral 2nd century in Lebanon 3rd century in Lebanon 4th century in Lebanon 5th century in Lebanon 6th century in Lebanon 551 Beirut earthquake
¹ UNESCO World Heritage Sites ² Proposed Category:Roman sites in Lebanon