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The Korea Daily News

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The Korea Daily News
First page of the May 18, 1907 English-language edition
TypeDaily newspaper
FormatBroadsheet
Founder(s)Ernest Bethell
Founded18 July 1904 (1904-07-18)
LanguageEnglish, Korean
Ceased publication28 August 1910 (1910-08-28)
HeadquartersSeoul, Korean Empire
Circulation13,256 (peak, across every language edition, May 1908)

The Korea Daily News was an English-language newspaper published in the Korean Empire between 1904 and 1910. It had a companion Korean-language edition called the Daehan Maeil Sinbo (Korean: 대한매일신보; Hanja: 大韓每日申報). It was initially published on 18 July 1904 as the Korea Times, and renamed shortly afterwards.

Around the time of the paper's publication, the Empire of Japan was rapidly encroaching on Korean sovereignty. Bethell sharply criticized Japan in the newspaper, which made him a target of retaliation. When Japan began indirectly ruling Korea in 1905, Bethell, as a British citizen, became one of the only newspaper publishers able to write critically about Japan. After increased retaliation and Bethell's death in 1909, the newspaper was sold in 1910.

Afterwards, it become a colonial government mouthpiece. It was renamed as Maeil Sinbo [ko], and continued publishing until the 1945 liberation of Korea. It was then seized by the United States occupying force and reorganized into the modern Seoul Shinmun, which still publishes today.[1][2]

Some issues of the English and most of the Korean issues are now freely available on the Korean Newspaper Archive website.[3][4]

History

Establishment

Cover page for the first issue of Daehan Maeil Sinbo (4 August 1904)
Exhibition at the Formal Seoyimyeon office, Anyang, Gyeonggi, on the Won Tae-woo stoning incident, which incorporates the 24 November 1905 edition of the Daehan Maeil Sinbo

In 1904, British journalists Ernest Bethell and Thomas Cowen[5] were sent to Korea to report for the British newspaper Daily Chronicle.[6] Around this time, Japan was stepping up its encroachment into Korean sovereignty. After being fired from the paper,[5] Bethell and Cowen began planning to publish their own paper tentatively called the Korea Times (different from later The Korea Times).[5] However, Cowen was secretly supportive of Japan, and unbenownst to Bethell, warned the Japanese government of the paper's founding.[5]

The pair,[5] along with Korean independence activist Yang Gi-tak, published the first trial issue of the Korea Times, completely in English, on June 29, 1904.[1] Shortly afterwards, Cowen quit the paper and left to Japan, and the paper changed its name to The Korea Daily News.[5] The first non-trial issue under the new name was published on 18 July 1904.[6][5][1] The issue had six pages, with two in Korean (in mixed script) and four in English.[2]

How exactly the newspaper was financed is not known. Emperor Gojong did finance Bethell by transferring funds through Antoinette Sontag, owner of the Sontag Hotel. Some theorized that Bethell was funded by the Russian Empire, Japan's rivals for Korean sovereignty, although Bethell dismissed this idea. Funding was still insufficient; in March 1905, printing of the paper was suspended as he went to Japan to buy a printer and to possibly raise money. By 11 August,[1] printing resumed,[5] this time with separate Korean and English editions.[2][1]

Growth and attention from Japan

After Korea was forced to sign the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 in November, Japanese control over the peninsula increased.[1][6] Newspapers were then censored by the Japanese Resident-General of Korea. Bethell, as a British citizen, was able to dodge Japanese censorship and continue publishing newspapers.[6] However, he was frequently harassed by the Japanese.[5] According to Frederick Arthur MacKenzie:

The Japanese were making his life as uncomfortable as they possibly could, and were doing everything to obstruct his work. His mail was constantly tampered with; his servants were threatened or arrested on various excuses, and his household was subjected to the closest espionage. He displayed surprising tenacity, and held on month after month without showing any sign of yielding.[5]

On the other hand, Gojong and other Koreans praised Bethell and saw him as a hero. On 10 February 1906, Gojong gave Bethell a handwritten note, putting him in charge of communications and the press of the empire and subsidizing his expenses.[1]

On 21 February 1907, they published a letter that began the National Debt Repayment Movement: a grassroots effort to pay off Korea's debts to Japan in order to avoid Japan's encroachment. The newspaper became the main champion of the campaign. Its staff formed an association (국채보상지원금총합소) to manage donations it received.[1] That May, they offered to house Ahn Chang Ho's New People's Association for protection by leveraging Bethell's immunity from Japanese persecution.[1]

On 23 May 1907, they established an entirely Hangul version of the newspaper, alongside the original version that was written in both Hanja and Hangul.[1][6] In August, when the Korean Empire's army was forcefully disbanded, impromptu militias called righteous armies arose in armed rebellion. The Korea Daily News devoted much of its reporting around this time to their activities, and urged civilians to join the fight.[1] By 27 May 1908, circulation of the paper reached 13,256 copies (8,143 in mixed script, 4,650 in Hangul, and 463 in English),[1] more than all other newspapers in Korea combined at the time.[6]

In 1907, the Japanese published the Newspaper Act, which was partially targeted at the paper and placed various restrictions on Koreans purchasing it.[2] Bethell was arrested and tried by the British twice, by request of the Japanese government.[5][6][2] He transferred ownership of the paper to his assistant editor Arthur Marnham, who carried on reporting critically of Japan.[5] Bethell eventually won his second trial at the British Supreme Court for China in December 1908, and defiantly immediately returned to continue reporting.[5] However, he died several months afterwards, likely due to his unhealthy lifestyle[5] and stress from his imprisonments.[6] His last words were reportedly "Even if I may die, The Korea Daily News will live on and help the Korean people".[1][6][a]

End and rename to Maeil Sinbo

Main article: Maeil Sinbo

On 21 May 1910,[1] Marnham folded under joint British and Japanese pressure,[5] secretly sold the newspaper to former employee Lee Jang-hoon (이장훈; 李章薰) for 40,000 won worth of gold,[2] and left the country.[5] The 14 June, 1408th issue reflects this, with Lee's name given as editor.[2] Yang and other Korean independence activists resigned and denounced the paper publicly as a propaganda piece.[2][1] The paper stopped publishing in English,[5] and became strictly controlled by Japan.[5] Its final issue was the 1461th mixed-script and 938th Hangul issue.[1] It changed its name to Maeil Sinbo (매일신보; 每日申報) on 30 August 1910,[5][1] and it was integrated into the Keijō Nippō thereafter.[1]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 『나는 죽을지라도 대한매일신보는 영생(永生)케 해 한민족을 구하라.』

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "서울신문 연혁" [Seoul Shinmun Timeline]. Seoul Shinmun. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "대한매일신보(大韓每日申報)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  3. ^ "대한매일신보(영문)" [The Korea Daily News]. Korean Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  4. ^ "대한매일신보" [Daehan Maeil Sinbo]. Korean Newspaper Archive. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Neff, Robert (2 May 2010). "UK journalist Bethell established newspapers in 1904". The Korea Times. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Han, Jeon (June 2019). "Fighting Injustice with the Pen". KOCIS. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  7. ^ Han, Jeon (June 2019). "Fighting Injustice with the Pen". KOCIS. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
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