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In [[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]], the terms '''Tukrīr''' ([[Amharic language|Amharic]]) and '''Tu<u>k</u>rir''' ([[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]{{efn|Also '''Tǝ<u>k</u><sup>w</sup>ǝrir''', plural '''Tä<u>k</u><sup>w</sup>arir'''}}) are used to designate persons of [[West Africa|West]] or [[Central Africa]]n origin. The terms derives from the city and kingdom of [[Takrūr]] that thrived on the lower [[Senegal River]] in the eleventh century. The place was well-known to [[Arab geographers]], and an inhabitant of Takrūr or of West Africa in general was called in [[Arabic]] a Takrūrī (plural Takārīr or Takārna) from the 14th century onward. The ''[[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]'' al-Takrūrī was a common surname for one of West African descent. The Ethiopian terms are derived from the Arabic language.<ref name=Smidt>Wolbert Smidt, [https://www.academia.edu/31192096/Tukrir_term_used_for_different_groups_of_West_African_origin_in_Ethiopia_Eritrea_in_Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica_vol._4 "Tukrir"], in Siegbert Uhlig and Alessandro Bausi (eds.), ''[[Encyclopaedia Aethiopica]]'', Vol. 4: O-X (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2010), pp. 998–1000.</ref>

The Tukrīr primarily inhabit the western edge of the [[Ethiopian Highlands]]. They are overwhelmingly [[Muslim]]. They are mainly [[Fulani]] and [[Hausa people|Hausa]] in origin from the region of the former [[Kanem–Bornu Empire]]. There were two major periods of immigration from West Africa to Ethiopia. The first coincided with the [[Fula jihads]] that lasted from 1804 until 1842; the second with the [[Scramble for Africa]], when West Africa was colonized by Europeans between 1885 and 1914.<ref name=Smidt/>

In the 19th century there was a Tukrīr [[sheikhdom]] with its capital at [[Metemma]], sometimes owing tribute to Ethiopia and at other times to [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]]. It ended up dominated by [[Fur people|Fur]] from the nearby [[Sultanate of Darfur]].<ref name=Smidt/> It sided with the Mahdists during the [[Mahdist War]] against Ethiopia (1885–1891) and disappeared with the Mahdists' defeat.<ref>'Umar Al-Naqar, "Takrur: the History of a Name", ''The Journal of African History'' '''10''':3 (1969), pp. 365–374, at 366.</ref><ref>Arthur E. Robinson, "The Tekruri Sheikhs of Gallabat (S. E. Sudan)", ''Journal of the Royal African Society'' '''26''':101 (1926), pp. 47–53. {{JSTOR|716806}}</ref>

The term Fallāta (from [[Fulani]]) has largely replaced Takārīr in the [[Sudan]] as a term for immigrants from West Africa.<ref>{{EI2|author=[[P. M. Holt]]|volume=2|title=Fallāta|pages=767–768|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/fallata-SIM_2261}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Eritrea]]
[[Category:Senegambian ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Exonyms]]
[[Category:History of Islam in Ethiopia]]

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