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{{Short description|Australian Aboriginal language}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Pintupi
|state=Australia
|region=[[Western Australia]], [[Northern Territory]]; Papunya settlement, Yuendumu and Kintore, Balgo hills
|ethnicity=[[Pintupi]] =? [[Ildawongga]], ?[[Wenamba]]
|speakers=271
|date=2021 census
|ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=SBS Australian Census Explorer|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/creative/census-explorer|access-date=10 Jan 2023}}</ref>
|familycolor=Australian
|fam1=[[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]]
|fam2=[[Wati languages|Wati]]
|fam3=[[Western Desert Language|Western Desert]]
|dia1=[[Pintupi-Luritja]]
|iso3=piu
|glotto=pint1250
|glottorefname=Pintupi-Luritja
|aiatsis=C10
|aiatsisname=Pintupi
|notice=IPA
|map=Pintupi country.png
|mapcaption=
|map2=Lang Status 80-VU.svg
|mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Pintupi is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}}
}}

'''Pintupi''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɪ|n|t|ə|p|i|,_|ˈ|p|ɪ|n|ə|-|,_|-|b|i}})<ref>{{OED|Pintupi}}</ref> is an [[Australian Aboriginal]] language. It is one of the [[Wati languages]] of the large [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan family]]. It is one of the varieties of the [[Western Desert Language]] (WDL).

[[Pintupi]] is a variety of the [[Western Desert Language]] spoken by [[Indigenous Australians|indigenous]] people whose traditional lands are in the area between [[Lake Macdonald]] and [[Lake Mackay]], stretching from [[Mount Liebig]] in the Northern Territory to [[Jupiter Well]] (west of [[Pollock Hills]]) in Western Australia. These people moved (or were forced to move) into the indigenous communities of [[Papunya, Northern Territory|Papunya]] and [[Haasts Bluff, Northern Territory|Haasts Bluff]] in the west of the [[Northern Territory]] in the 1940s–1980s. The [[Pintupi Nine|last Pintupi people to leave their traditional lifestyle]] in the desert came into [[Kiwirrkurra|Kiwirrkura]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1525/ae.1988.15.4.02a00010|year=1988 |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=15|issue=4 |pages=609–624 |first=Fred |last=Myers |title=Locating Ethnographic Practice: Romance, Reality and Politics in the Outback}}</ref> Over recent decades they have moved back into their traditional country, setting up the communities of [[Kintore, Northern Territory|Kintore]] (in Pintupi known as {{Lang|piu|Walungurru}}) in the Northern Territory, [[Kiwirrkurra|Kiwirrkura]] and [[Jupiter Well]] (in Pintupi {{Lang|piu|Puntutjarrpa}}) in Western Australia.

Children who were born in Papunya and Haasts Bluff grew up speaking a new variety of Pintupi, now known as '''Pintupi-Luritja''', due to their close contact with speakers of [[Arrernte language|Arrernte]], [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]] and other varieties of the WDL. This has continued through the moves west so that most Pintupi people today speak Pintupi-Luritja, although there remains a clear distinction between the more western and eastern varieties.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Pintupi is one of the healthier [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] languages and is taught to local children in schools.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

== Phonology ==

The phonology of Pintupi has been described by K.&nbsp;C. and L.&nbsp;E. Hansen based on fieldwork conducted in [[Papunya, Northern Territory]] in 1967–1968.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/3622818|year=1969 |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=8|issue=2 |pages=153–70 |first=K.&nbsp;C. |last=Hansen |author2=L.&nbsp;E. Hansen |title=Pintupi phonology|jstor=3622818}}</ref>

===Consonants===
Pintupi has 17 [[consonant]] phonemes. The symbols used in the practical orthography are shown in brackets where they differ from the IPA symbols.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | [[Peripheral consonant|Peripheral]]
! colspan=3 | [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Palatal consonant|Lamino-<br />palatal]]
|-
! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Apico-<br />alveolar]] 
! [[Retroflex consonant|Apico-<br />retroflex]]
! [[Laminal consonant|Lamino-<br />alveolar]] 
|-
! [[Plosive]] 
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}} {{angbr|ṯ}}
| {{IPA link|t̻}} {{angbr|tj}}
|
|-
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ng}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}} {{angbr|ṉ}}
| {{IPA link|n̻}} {{angbr|ny}}
|
|-
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan=2|
| {{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|rr}}
|
|
|
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan=2|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|ɭ}} {{angbr|ḻ}}
| {{IPA link|l̻}} {{angbr|ly}}
|
|-
! [[Approximant]]
| colspan=2| {{IPA link|w}}
| colspan=2| {{IPA link|ɻ}} {{angbr|r}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}}
|}

The lamino-alveolars are frequently [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalised]] {{IPA|[t̻ʲ, n̻ʲ, l̻ʲ]}}, and {{IPA|/t̻/}} often has an [[affricated]] [[allophone]] {{IPA|[tˢ]}}.

The trill {{IPA|/r/}} usually has a single contact (i.e. a [[flap consonant|flap]] {{IPAblink|ɾ}}) in ordinary speech, but multiple contacts (a true trill) in slow, emphatic, or angry speech. The retroflex approximant {{IPA|/ɻ/}} may also be realised as a flap {{IPAblink|ɽ}}.

Hansen and Hansen (1969) refer to the [[retroflex consonant]]s as "apico-domal".

=== Vowels ===
Pintupi has six vowel phonemes, three long and three short. All are [[monophthong]]al at the phonemic level. Again, the symbols used in the practical orthography are shown enclosed in brackets where they differ from the phonemic symbols.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel phonemes
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} &ensp; {{IPA link|iː}} {{angbr|ii}}
| {{IPA link|u}} &ensp; {{IPA link|uː}} {{angbr|uu}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|colspan=2| {{IPA link|a}} &ensp; {{IPA link|aː}} {{angbr|aa}}
|}

The short vowel phonemes are [[voiceless|devoiced]] when word-final at the end of a clause, as in {{IPA|[ŋurakutulpi̥]}} 'he finally (came) to camp', {{IPA|[kapilat̻uɻḁ]}} 'we all (brought) water for him', and {{IPA|[jilariŋu̥]}} 'it was close'.

Short vowels are [[r-colored vowel|rhotacised]] before retroflex consonants, as in {{IPA|[wa˞ʈa]}} 'tree (generic)', {{IPA|[ka˞ɳa]}} 'spear (one type)', and {{IPA|[mu˞ɭi]}} 'a shelter'.

The open vowel {{IPA|/a/}} is diphthongised to {{IPA|[aⁱ]}} and {{IPA|[aᵘ]}} before {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/w/}} respectively, as in {{IPA|[waⁱjunpuwa]}} 'pare (it)' and {{IPA|[kaᵘwu˞ɳpa]}} 'cold ashes'.

===Orthography===

An orthography was developed by the Hansens and is used in their publications, which include a dictionary, a grammar sketch and bible portions. This orthography is also used in the bilingual school, and especially in the school's Literature Production Centre. The orthography is shown in the above tables of consonants and vowels.

=== Phonotactics ===
Pintupi has only two possible syllable types: CV (a consonant followed by a vowel) and CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant). In the middle of a word, {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/ŋ/}} may appear in the [[syllable coda]] only when followed by a [[homorganic]] plosive, as in {{IPA|/t̻ampu/}} 'left side' and {{IPA|/miŋkiɻi/}} 'mouse'. Otherwise, only coronal sonorants may appear in the syllable coda. All consonants except the apico-alveolars and {{IPA|/l̻/}} may appear in word-initial position; only coronal sonorants (except {{IPA|/ɻ/}}) may appear in word-final position. However, at the end of a clause, the syllable {{IPA|/pa/}} is added to consonant-final words, so consonants may not appear in clause-final position.

Short vowels may appear anywhere in the word; long vowels may appear only in the first syllable (which is stressed), as in {{IPA|/ɳiːrki/}} 'eagle' and {{IPA|/maːra/}} 'ignorant'.

=== Phonological processes ===
When a suffix-initial {{IPA|/t/}} follows a root-final consonant, the {{IPA|/t/}} [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilates]] in [[place of articulation]] to the preceding consonant, as in {{IPA|/maɭan̻ + tu/}} → {{IPA|[maɭan̻t̻u]}} 'younger sibling (transitive subject)', {{IPA|/pawuɭ + ta/}} → {{IPA|[pawuɭʈa]}} 'at the spirit ground'. However, the sequence {{IPA|/r + t/}} undergoes [[coalescence (linguistics)|coalescence]] and surfaces as simple {{IPA|[ʈ]}}, as in {{IPA|/t̻intar + ta/}} → {{IPA|[t̻intaʈa]}} 'at Tjintar'.

When two identical CV sequences meet at a word boundary, they undergo [[haplology]] and fuse into a single word in rapid speech, as in {{IPA|/mutikajiŋ'''ka ka'''ɭpakatiŋu/}} → {{IPA|[mutikajiŋ'''ka'''ɭpakatiŋu]}} 'climbed into the car' and {{IPA|/parari'''ŋu ŋu'''ɻurpa/}} → {{IPA|[parari'''ŋu'''ɻurpa]}} 'went around the middle'. When a lamino-alveolar consonant or {{IPA|/j/}} is followed by {{IPA|/a/}} in the last syllable of a word, and the next word begins with {{IPA|/ja/}}, the word-initial {{IPA|/j/}} is deleted and the two adjacent {{IPA|/a/}}-sounds merge into a long {{IPA|/aː/}}, as in {{IPA|/ŋa'''l̻a ja'''nuja/}} → {{IPA|[ŋa'''l̻aː'''nuja]}} 'they all came' and {{IPA|/wi'''ja ja'''pura/}} → {{IPA|[wi'''jaː'''pura]}} 'not west'.

=== Prosody ===
Pintupi words are [[stress (linguistics)|stress]]ed on the first syllable. In careful speech, every second syllable after that (i.e. the third, fifth, seventh, etc.) may receive a secondary stress, but secondary stress never falls on the final syllable of the word, as in {{IPA|[ˈt̻akaˌmaraˌkuɳaɻa]}} 'for the benefit of Tjakamara' and {{IPA|[ˈjumaˌɻiŋkaˌmaraˌt̻uɻaka]}} 'because of mother-in-law'. However, the particle {{IPA|/ka/}} (which indicates a change of subject) is not stressed when it is the first [[morpheme]] in a clause, as in {{IPA|/kaˈjanu/}} '(he) went'.

==Works in the language==
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights===
Pintupi-Luritja became the first Indigenous Australian language to receive a full, official translation of the ''[[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]'', when it was translated by elders and linguists at the [[Australian National University]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-23/un-declaration-of-human-rights-translated-aboriginal-language/6877060 | title=Indigenous translation of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights | newspaper=ABC News | date=23 October 2015 }}</ref> Below is Article 1 in Pintupi-Luritja:

{{lang|piu|Nganana maru tjuta, tjulkura tjuta, manta yurungka parrari nyinapayi tjutanya liipulala nyinanyi, nganana yanangu maru tjuta wiya kuyakuya. Yuwankarrangkuya palya nintingku kulini. Tjanaya palya kutjupa tjutaku tjukarurru nyinanytjaku, walytja tjuta nguwanpa, mingarrtjuwiya. Tjungungku palyangku kurrunpa kutjungku.
Wangka ngaangku nganananya tjakultjunanyi rapa ngaranytjaku kutjupa tjuta nguwanpa.}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/pintupi.htm | title=Pintupi language and alphabet }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/piu.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Australian Pintupi-Luritja Language|website=ohchr.org|access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pintupi]]
*[[Bindibu Expedition]]
*[[List of Indigenous Australian group names]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title= The Core of Pintupi Grammar |last=Hansen, K.C. |author2=L.&nbsp;E. Hansen |year=1974 |publisher= Institute for Aboriginal Development|location= Alice Springs, Northern Territory }}
*{{cite book |title= Pintupi/Luritja Dictionary |last=Hansen, K.C. |author2=L.&nbsp;E. Hansen |year=1978 |publisher= Institute for Aboriginal Development|location= Alice Springs, Northern Territory |isbn= 0-949659-63-0 }}
*{{cite book |title= Katutjalu Watjantja Yirri<u>t</u>itjanu |last=Hansen, K.C. |author2=L.&nbsp;E. Hansen |year=1981 |publisher= Lutheran Publishing House|location= Adelaide, South Australia }}
{{refend}}

{{Languages of Australia}}
{{Pama–Nyungan languages|Central}}

[[Category:Wati languages]]
[[Category:Pintupi]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian languages in Western Australia]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian languages in the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Vulnerable languages]]

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