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{{Short description|Genus of turtles}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Pelusios castaneus.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Pelusios castaneus]]''
| taxon = Pelusios
| authority = [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1830<ref name="Rhodin11" /><ref name="Fritz07" />
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms =
''Sternothaerus'' <small>[[Thomas Bell (zoologist)|Bell]], 1825</small><br />
''Anota'' <small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1863</small><br />
''Notoa'' <small>Gray, 1863</small><br />
''Tanoa'' <small>Gray, 1863</small>
| synonyms_ref =<ref name="Rhodin11">{{Harnvb|Rhodin|van Dijk|Iverson|Shaffer|Roger|2011|p=000.215}}</ref><ref name="Fritz07">{{Harnvb|Fritz|Havaš|2007|pp=345-346}}</ref>
}}

'''''Pelusios''''' is a [[genus]] of African [[side-necked turtle]]s.  With 17 described [[species]], it is one of the most diverse genera of the [[turtle]] order (Testudines).

==Etymology==
The scientific name ''Pelusios'' is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word pēlos, which means "mud" or "clay",<ref>Merriam Webster - Pelusios - [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Pelusios Website]</ref> and this is reflected by the turtles living in streams and rivers with a muddy bottom.

==Common names==
Common names for the genus ''Pelusios'' include '''hinged terrapins''',<ref>[[:fr:William Roy Branch|Branch, Bill]]. 2004. ''Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa''. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 399 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-042-5}}. (Genus ''Pelusios'', p. 46).</ref> '''African mud turtles''', and '''mud terrapins'''.

==Taxonomy==
Several species have been described, with probably numerous undescribed species. The [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of the genus is very confused, as these species show many local variations.  Certain species, in isolated areas or with reduced populations, need to be observed as they face a distinct extinction possibility given the significant number collected by native people.

==Geographic range==
They are found throughout [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], [[Madagascar]], [[São Tomé]], and the [[Seychelles]] islands.  They have also been introduced on the islands of the [[Lesser Antilles]].

==Description==
The African mud turtles range from being small in size, only {{convert|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} carapace length for adult ''[[African dwarf mud turtle|Pelusios nanus]]'', to moderately large, {{convert|46|cm|in|abbr=on}} for adult ''[[Serrated hinged terrapin|Pelusios sinuatus]]'', while the large majority of species fall between {{convert|20|and|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} carapace length.<ref name=Vitt>{{cite book|author1=Vitt, Laurie |author2=Calwell, Janalee |title=Herpetology|year=2008|publisher=Academic|location=Wiltham, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0-12-374346-6}}</ref> The [[carapace]]s are oblong, moderately high-domed, and the [[plastron]]s are large and hinged which is what distinguishes them from the ''[[African helmeted turtle|Pelomedusa]]''.<ref name=Vitt /><ref name=Bonin>{{cite book |title=Turtles of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/turtlesofworld0000boni|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, Maryland|isbn=0-8018-8496-9|author=Bonin, Franck|edition=Third|author2=Devaux, Bernard |author3=Dupre, Alain}}</ref> The plastron contains a mesoplastron and also well-developed plastral buttresses that articulate with the [[Rib|costals]] on each side of the carapace.<ref name=Vitt /> The carapace has 11 pairs of sutured peripherals around its margin and a neck without [[Transverse processes|costiform processes]].<ref name=Vitt /> The jaw closure articulates on a [[Pterygoid bone|pterygoid]] [[wikt:trochlea|trochlear surface]] which lacks a synovial capsule but instead contains a saclike duct full of fluid from the mouth cavity.<ref name=Vitt /> The head shape is wide and flat, with a seemingly "smiling" face created by the jaw closure.<ref name=Bonin /> The skull lacks the epipterygoid bone (bone above the pterygoid extending to [[parietal bone]]) and parietal-[[Squamosal bone|squamosal]] contact but possesses an internal [[carotid canal]] and strong [[Postorbital bone|postorbital]]-[[Squamosal bone|squamosal]] contact.<ref name=Vitt />

==Biology==
The mud terrapins are either [[:wikt:semi-aquatic|semiaquatic]] or fully [[aquatic animal|aquatic]] and typically walk on the floor of slow-moving waters.  They are most often observed in lakes, swamps or marshes but occasionally witnessed in [[ephemeral]] waterways.<ref name=Vitt />  They are predominantly [[carnivore|carnivorous]], eating a variety of [[arthropod]]s, worms, or other small animals found by way of [[foraging]] the bottom of their aquatic habitats.<ref name=Vitt /> They do not undergo prolonged [[aestivation|estivation]] or [[hibernation]] in the dried mud during dry season; instead, they need to find a wet or humid place to survive.<ref name=Bonin />  ''Pelusios'' generally produce small to modest [[Clutch (eggs)|clutches]] of 6 to 18 [[egg (biology)|eggs]], depending upon female size.<ref name=Vitt /><ref name=Franklin>{{cite book|last=Franklin|first=C|title=Turtles: An extraordinary natural history 245 million years in the making|year=2007|publisher=Voyageur Press|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|isbn=978-0-7603-2981-8}}</ref>  Egg deposition occurs in the more equitable season of the year, with known incubation periods ranging from 8–10 weeks.<ref name=Vitt />  The reported [[karyotype]] is 2N = 34 with 22 macrochromosomes and 12 [[microchromosomes]].<ref name=Ernst>{{cite book|author1=Ernst, C|author2=Barbour, R.|title=Turtles of the World|year=1989|publisher=Smithsonian Press|location=Washington D.C.|isbn=0-87474-414-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/turtlesofworld00erns}}</ref>  
The southern group of the genus ''Pelomedusa'' is shown to be [[Paraphyly|paraphyletically]] similar to ''Pelusios'' through [[mitochondrial DNA]] analyses.<ref name=Fritz07 /><ref name=Vargas>{{cite journal|vauthors=Vargas-Ramirez M, Vences M, [[:fr:William Roy Branch|Branch WR]], Daniels SR, [[Frank Glaw|Glaw F]], Hofmeyr MD, Kuchling G, Maran J, Papenfuss TJ, Siroký P, Vieites DR, Fritz U |title=Deep genealogical lineages in the widely distributed African helmeted terrapin: Evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=July 2010|volume=56|issue=1 |pages=428–440|pmid=20332032|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.019}}</ref>  From fossil evidence, it is suggested that the [[genus|genera]] diverged in, or before the lower [[Miocene| Miocene era]].<ref name=Vargas />

==List of species==
The species in the genus ''Pelusios'' can be divided into two groups based on shell morphology. The "adansonii group" (also known as the "gabonensis group" or the "adansonii-gabonensis group") includes ''P. adansonii'', ''P. broadleyi'', ''P. gabonensis'', ''P. marani'', and ''P. nanus''. Species in the "adansonii group" are characterized by short abdominal [[scute]]s relative to the elongate anterior plastral lobe, as well as a short bridge between the carapace and the plastron.<ref name=Fritz07 /> All of the remaining species are characterized by relatively longer abdominal scutes and a longer bridge between the carapace and plastron and are referred to as the "subniger group".<ref name=Fritz07 /><ref name=Ernst /> Species in the "subniger group" exhibit greater mobility of the plastral front lobe than those belonging to the "adansonii group".

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;text-align:center"
!scope="col"|Common name
!scope="col"|Scientific name<ref name="Rhodin11" /><ref>The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>{{#tag:ref|A [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial authority]] in parentheses indicates the species was originally described in a genus other than ''Pelusios''.|group=lower-alpha}}
!scope="col"|IUCN Red List status<ref name="ttwg2014">[[Turtle Taxonomy Working Group]] [van Dijk, P.P., Iverson, J.B., Rhodin, A.G.J., Shaffer, H.B., and Bour, R.]. 2014. "Turtles of the World, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status". In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). ''Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group''. [http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v7_2014.pdf Chelonian Research Monographs 5(7):000.329–479] {{doi|10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014}}</ref>
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Picture
|-
|[[Adanson's mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios adansonii]]''<br/><small>([[August Friedrich Schweigger|Schweigger]], 1812)</small>
|{{IUCN status|LC}}
|[[File:SternothaerusAdansoniiFord.jpg|180px|alt=]]
|-
|[[Okavango mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios bechuanicus]]''<br/><small>[[:fr:Vivian Frederick Maynard FitzSimons|V. FitzSimons]], 1932</small>
|{{IUCN status|LC}}
|
|-
|[[Turkana mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios broadleyi]]''<br/><small>[[Roger Bour|Bour]], 1986</small>
|{{IUCN status|VU}}
|
|-
|[[African keeled mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios carinatus]]''<br/><small>[[:fr:Raymond Ferdinand Laurent|Laurent]], 1956</small>
|{{IUCN status|LC}}
|
|-
|[[West African mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios castaneus]]''<br/><small>(Schweigger, 1812)</small>
|{{IUCN status|LC}}
|[[File:Pelusios castaneus002.jpg|180px|alt=]]
|-
|[[Yellow-bellied mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios castanoides]]''<br/><small>[[John Hewitt (herpetologist)|Hewitt]], 1931</small>
Subspecies:
*''P. c. castanoides'' <small>Hewitt, 1931</small>
*''P. c. intergularis'' <small>Bour, 1983</small>
|{{IUCN status|LC}}
|[[File:Pelusios castanoides.JPG|180px|alt=]]
|-
|[[Central African mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios chapini]]''<br/><small>Laurent, 1965</small><ref>Bruce G. Marcot, "[http://www.chelonia.org/articles/congo.htm Two Turtles from Western Democratic Republic of the Congo: ''Pelusios chapini'' and ''Kinixys erosa'']." Includes photos.</ref>
|{{IUCN status|LC}}
|
|-
|[[Ivory Coast mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios cupulatta]]'' <br/> <small>Bour & [[Jérôme Maran|Maran]], 2003</small>
|{{IUCN status|NE}}
|
|-
|[[African forest turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios gabonensis]]''<br/><small>([[Auguste Duméril|A.H.A. Duméril]], 1856)</small>
|{{IUCN status|LC}}
|
|-
|
|''[[Pelusios marani]]''<br/><small>Bour, 2000</small>
|{{IUCN status|NE}}
|
|-
|[[African dwarf mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios nanus]]''<br/><small>Laurent, 1956</small>
|{{IUCN status|DD}}
|
|-
|[[West African black turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios niger]]''<br/><small>([[André Marie Constant Duméril|A.M.C. Duméril]] & [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron]], 1835)</small>
|{{IUCN status|LC}}
|[[File:Sternothaerus oxyrhinus.jpg|180px|alt=]]
|-
|[[Variable mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios rhodesianus]]''<br/><small>Hewitt, 1927</small>
|{{IUCN status|LC}}
|
|-
|[[Serrated hinged terrapin]]
|''[[Pelusios sinuatus]]'' <small>[[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|A. Smith]], 1838</small>
|{{IUCN status|LC}}
|[[File:Pelusios sinuatus1.jpg|180px|alt=]]
|-
|[[East African black mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios subniger]]''<br/><small>([[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1789)</small>
Subspecies:
*''P. s. subniger'' <small>(Lacépède, 1789)</small>
*''P. s. parietalis'' <small>Bour, 1983</small>
|{{IUCN status|LC}}
|[[File:Pelusios subniger subniger - adult Pan Terrapin.jpg|180px|alt=]]
|-
|[[Upemba mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios upembae]]'' <br/><small>[[:fr:Donald George Broadley|Broadley]], 1981</small>
|{{IUCN status|DD}}
|
|-
|[[Williams' mud turtle]]
|''[[Pelusios williamsi]]''<br/><small>Laurent, 1965</small>
Subspecies:
*''P. w. williamsi'' <small>Laurent, 1965</small>
*''P. w. laurenti'' <small>Bour, 1984</small>
*''P. w. lutescens'' <small>Laurent, 1965</small>
|{{IUCN status|LC}}
|[[File:William's African Mud Turtle (Pelusios williamsi) (7080593585).jpg|180px|alt=]]
|-
|}

==Status==
Based on field surveys, a 50% decrease has been observed in the Seychelles terrapins, which include various ''Pelusios'' species.<ref name=Gerlach>{{cite journal|last=Gerlach|first=J |title=Fragmentation and demography as causes of population decline in Seychelles freshwater turtles (genus ''Pelusios'')|journal=Chelonian Conservation and Biology|date=August 2008|volume=7|pages=78–87|doi=10.2744/ccb-0635.1|s2cid=85364146 }}</ref> Seychelles is considered a hotspot for [[biodiversity]], as it is one of the most threatened reservoirs of plant life and animal life, as well as one of the richest environments.<ref name=Bombi>{{cite journal|last=Bombi, Pierluigi |author2=D'Amen, Manuela |author3=Gerlach, Justin |author4=Luiselli, Luca |title=Will climate change affect terrapin conservation in Seychelles|journal=Phelsuma|year=2009|issue=17A|pages=1–12}}</ref> The species are endangered due to threat of [[drainage]], [[predation]], and [[invasive species|invasion]] by alien flora, combined with a shrunken living area.<ref name=Gerlach /><ref name=Bombi /> Most [[habitat destruction]] is from human population expansion, specifically in the [[Granitic Seychelles|granitic islands]] due to increased development pressures.<ref name=Bombi /> Hope for reversal of this trend is evidenced by the rapid population recovery of ''Pelusios subniger parietalis'' on [[Frégate Island]] after habitat improvement.<ref name=Gerlach />
Global [[climate change]] has recently been recognized as one of the largest threats to biodiversity.<ref name=Thomas>Thomas CD, Cameron A, Green RE, Bakkenes M, Beaumont LJ, Collingham YC, Erasmus BFN, de Siqueira MF, Grainger A, Hannah L, Hughes L, Huntley B, van Jaarsveld AS, Midgley GF, Miles L, Ortega-Huerta MA, Peterson AT, Phillips OL, Williams SE. 2004. "Extinction risk from climate change". ''Nature'' '''427''': 145–148.</ref>  This climate change has the ability to change species survival by causing changes in ecosystem structures,<ref name=Bombi /> yet the effect is heightened in [[endemism|endemic]] species.<ref name=Thomas />  Several reviews undertaken for the study of potential [[effects of global warming]] on biodiversity have provided evidence for Africa being the most vulnerable of all continents.<ref>Hulme M. 1996. ''Climate Change and Southern Africa: an Exploration of Some Potential Impacts and implications in the SADC''. Norwich: United Kingdom: WWF International and Climate Research Unit, UEA. 104 pp.</ref>  Climate change is likely to be devastating for many species confined to small islands such as Seychelles.<ref name=Bombi />  Endemic species such as ''Pelusios'' could suffer the worst impact of climate change because of their restricted range and narrow ecological requirements.

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v4_2011.pdf |title=Turtles of the World, 2011 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status |journal=Chelonian Research Monographs |volume=6 |date=2011-12-31 |last1=Rhodin |first1= Anders G.J. |last2=van Dijk |first2= Peter Paul |last3=Iverson |first3= John B. |last4=Shaffer |first4= H. Bradley |last5=Roger |first5= Bour |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131102839/http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v4_2011.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-31 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite web | url = http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf | title = Checklist of Chelonians of the World | date = 2007-10-31 | access-date = 2010-12-29 | last1 = Fritz | first1 = Uwe |last2 = Havaš |first2= Peter | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110501060224/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/851.pdf | archive-date = 2011-05-01 | url-status = live }}
*Caldwell, Analee; Vitt, Laurie. (2008). ''Herpetology''. Waltham, Massachusetts: Academic Press. Print.
*[[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler, J]]. 1830. ''Natürliches System der AMPHIBIEN, mit vorangehender Classification der SÄUGTHIERE und VÖGEL. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie''. Munich, Stuttgart and Tübingen: J.G. Cotta. vi + 354 pp. + one plate. (''Pelusios'', new genus, p.&nbsp;137). (in [[German language|German]] and [[Latin]]).

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*ARKive - [https://web.archive.org/web/20070427110756/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/reptiles/Pelusios_subniger/ images and movies of the East African black mud turtle (''Pelusios subniger'')]

{{Pleurodira}}
{{Testudines}}

{{Taxonbar |from=Q1121991}}

[[Category:Pelusios| ]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Africa]]
[[Category:Turtle genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler]]

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Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:TaxonItalics (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar/candidate (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar/conf (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar/exists (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Taxonbar/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Template redirect regex (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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