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{{Short description|Soviet explorer (1894–1986)}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Ivan Papanin
| honorific_prefix   = 
| honorific_suffix   = 
| image              = Папанин Иван Дмитриевич 1.jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = Papanin in 1950
| native_name        = {{nobold|Иван Папанин}}
| birth_name         = Ivan Dmitriyevich Papanin
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|df=yes|1894|11|26}}
| birth_place        = [[Sevastopol]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1986|1|30|1894|11|26}}
| death_place        = [[Moscow]], [[Soviet Union]]
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| employer           = 
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| style              = 
| occupation         = Polar explorer, scientist, security officer
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'''Ivan Dmitriyevich Papanin''' ({{langx|ru|Иван Дмитриевич Папанин}}; {{OldStyleDate|26 November|1894|14 November}} &ndash; 30 January 1986) was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] polar explorer, scientist, [[Counter admiral|Counter Admiral]], and twice [[Hero of the Soviet Union]], who was awarded nine [[Order of Lenin|Orders of Lenin]].

==Life and career==
===Early life and participation in the Russian Civil War===
Papanin was born in [[Sevastopol]] into the family of a sailor of [[Greeks in Russia and Ukraine|Russian Greek]] origin. In 1909 he graduated Zemskaya elementary school.

In 1914 he was conscripted into the [[Imperial Russian Navy]]. He took part in the [[Russian Civil War]] on the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] side, fighting in [[Ukraine]]. In 1920 he was sent to [[Crimea]] to organize a guerrilla movement against the forces of the [[White movement]] leader, Baron [[Pyotr Wrangel]].
[[File:Иван Дмитриевич Папанин.jpg|thumb|left|Ivan Papanin in 1918]]
In November 1920, after the Bolshevik takeover of Crimea, Papanin was appointed prosecutor and commandant of the Crimean branch of the Soviet secret police, the [[Cheka]]. [[Rosalia Zemlyachka]], organizer of the [[partisan movement]] in Crimea, is reported to have been his superior and friend.<ref>[https://aif.ru/society/history/matros_chekist_polyarnik_za_chto_uvazhayut_i_nenavidyat_ivana_papanina Матрос, чекист, полярник. За что уважают и ненавидят Ивана Папанина?] [Seaman, chekist and polar explorer. For what do people respect and hate Ivan Papanin?] - Andrey Sidorchik, [[Argumenty i fakty]], 26 November 2019</ref><ref>[https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2016/11/23/70644-dva-kapitana-kolchak-i-papanin Два капитана: Колчак и Папанин] [Two Captains: Kolchak and Papanin] - [[Novaya Gazeta]], 23 November 2016</ref> In 1922 he received his first Soviet award, the order of the Red Banner for exemplary performing a task in liquidation of counterrevolutionaries in Crimea, Kharkiv, and other places.

===As a polar explorer===
In 1923, he worked for the [[People's Commissariat|Narkomat]] of Communications. In 1929 Papanin finished the [[Osoaviakhim]] special courses. In 1931-1932 he graduated from the [[People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR|People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs]] higher courses in communications and the first course of the Planning Academy department of communications. In 1931, he took part in the expedition of the [[icebreaker]] ''Malygin'' to [[Franz Josef Land]]. Between 1932 and 1933, he was the head of a polar expedition on [[Hooker Island|Tikhaya Bay]] on Franz Josef Land. In 1934-1935 he was in command of a polar station on [[Cape Chelyuskin]].
[[File:Герой Советского Союза И.Д. Папанин среди избирателей.jpg|thumb|Ivan Papanin in June 1938.]]
In 1937, he was in charge of the famous [[North Pole-1]] expedition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=66677 |title=North Pole Drifting Stations (1930s-1980s) |access-date=2012-01-08 |publisher=[[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]] |date=2011-08-17}}</ref><ref>John McCannon, ''Red Arctic: Polar Exploration and the Myth of the North in the Soviet Union, 1932–1939'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 73-78</ref> Four researchers, Ivan Papanin, [[Ernst Krenkel]], [[Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)|Yevgeny Fyodorov]] and [[Pyotr Shirshov]], landed on the drifting ice-floes in an airplane flown by [[Mikhail Vodopyanov]]. For 234 days, Papanin's team carried out a wide range of scientific observations in the near-polar zone, until they were taken back by the two icebreakers ''Murman'' and ''Taimyr''. It was the first expedition of its kind in the world. All members of the expedition received the title of [[Hero of the Soviet Union]], which was extremely rare before [[World War II]]. All members also received a science degree of Doctor of Geographic Sciences (without dissertation, [[thesis]]) and were admitted to the [[Russian Geographical Society|Geographical Society of the USSR]]. Upon returning from the expedition he published ''Life on an ice floe: Diary of Ivan Papanin.''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Papanin |first=Ivan Dmitrievich |url=http://archive.org/details/lifeonicefloedia00papa |title=Life on an ice floe; diary of Ivan Papanin; |last2=Black |first2=Helen |date=1939 |publisher=New York, J. Messner, Inc. |others=Internet Archive}}</ref>

In 1939-1946 Papanin was the successor to [[Otto Schmidt]] as head of the ''[[Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route|Glavsevmorput']]'' (Glavniy Severniy Morskoy Put') - an establishment that oversaw all commercial operations on the [[Northern Sea Route]]. In 1940 he received a second Hero of the Soviet Union title for organizing the expedition that saved the ''[[Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)|Sedov]]''. During [[World War II]] he was the representative of the State Defence Committee (Gosudarstvennij Komitet Oborony) responsible for all transportation by the [[Northern Sea Route]]. Between 1941 and 1952, he was a member of the Central Revision Commission of the Communist Party.

===Later career===
Between 1948 and 1951, he was the deputy director of Institute for Oceanology of the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]] and from 1951 until his death in 1986, he was the Head of the Academy's Department of Maritime Expeditions. Until 1972, he was also the director of the Institute for the Biology of Inland Waters (''Bilogii Vnutrennikh Vod'').

===Legacy===
[[File:RUSMARKA-2572.jpg|thumb|Russian commemorative stamp for Ivan Papanin, 2019]]
Papanin's name has been given to a cape on the [[Taymyr Peninsula]], a mountain in [[Antarctica]], and an underwater mountain in the [[Pacific Ocean]]. His name was also given to an ice-class cargo and research ship (call sign: UCJE) built in 1990 that operates in both Arctic seas and the Antarctic. In October 2019, Russia unveiled an 8,500-tonne, 300-foot-long [[Russian patrol ship Ivan Papanin|icebreaking patrol ship]] named after him at the Admiralty Shipyard in St. Petersburg.<ref>[https://www.newsweek.com/russia-arctic-ivan-papanin-icebreaker-1468057 Russia Arctic Icebreaker]</ref>

==Honours and awards==
[[File:М.И. Калинин вручает грамоту Президиума Верховного Совета СССР о присвоении звания Героя Советского Союза И. Д. Папанину.jpg|thumb|Papanin is receiving his certificate in honoring him as the Hero of the Soviet Union from [[Mikhail Kalinin]] (1938)]]
* [[Hero of the Soviet Union]] (1937, 1940)
* 9 [[Order of Lenin|Orders of Lenin]] (1937, 1938, May 1944, November 1944, 1945, 1956, 1964, 1974, 1984)
* [[Order of the October Revolution]] (1971)
* [[Order of the Red Banner]], twice (1922, 1950)
* [[Order of Nakhimov]], 1st class (1945)
* [[Order of the Patriotic War]], 1st class (1985)
* [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]], twice (1955, 1980)
* [[Order of Friendship of Peoples]] (1982)
* [[Order of the Red Star]] (1945)
* [[Medal "For Battle Merit"]] (1944)
* [[Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"]]
* [[Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army"]]
other medals and foreign decorations.
* Doctor of Geography (1938)
* Rear-Admiral (1943)
* Honorary Citizen of the Hero City of [[Murmansk]] (1974), [[Arkhangelsk]] (1975), Hero City of [[Sevastopol]] (1979), [[Lipetsk]] and the [[Yaroslavl Oblast|Yaroslavl Region]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.peoples.ru/science/travellers/papanin/ |title=Биография Иван Папанин |trans-title=Biography of Ivan Papanin |work=peoples.ru |year=2015 |language=ru}}
* {{cite web |url= http://hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/papanin_id.php |title=Папанин Иван Дмитриевич |trans-title=Papanin, Ivan Dmitriyevich |work=hrono.ru |year=2015 |language=ru}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.kommersant.ru/k-money-old/story.asp?m_id=20210 |title=Alexander Malakhov ''The Chief Ice-Floe of the Soviet State'' |work=Kommersant Newspaper |language=ru}}
* {{cite web |url=http://rgo.msk.ru/commissions/polar/2005_01_14-1.html |title=И.Д. Папанин и Арктика |trans-title=I.D. Papanin in the Arctic |work=Moscow Centre of the Russian Geographical Society |year=2010 |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173804/http://rgo.msk.ru/commissions/polar/2005_01_14-1.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/273137200 |title=Ivan Papanin — Ro-Ro Cargo: current position and details (IMO 8837928) |work=AIS Marine Traffic |year=2015 |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125133656/http://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/273137200 |archive-date=25 November 2015 |url-status=dead }} 
* {{cite web |url=http://www.sailwx.info/shiptrack/shipposition.phtml?call=UCJE |title=Ivan Papanin — UCJE |work=sailwx.info |year=2015 |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-date=25 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125131001/http://www.sailwx.info/shiptrack/shipposition.phtml?call=UCJE |url-status=dead }}

{{Drifting stations NP|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Papanin}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sevastopol]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Auditing Commission of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]]
[[Category:First convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:First convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities]]
[[Category:Second convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities]]
[[Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Nakhimov, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the October Revolution]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Star]]
[[Category:Cheka officers]]
[[Category:Franz Josef Land]]
[[Category:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Russia)]]
[[Category:Russian polar explorers]]
[[Category:Soviet admirals]]
[[Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Soviet polar explorers]]

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