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{{Short description|Genus of birds}}
{{For|the taxonomic genus incorporating [[leech]]es|Hirudo}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Hirundo rustica -Saxony, Germany-8.jpg
| image_caption = A [[barn swallow]] collecting nest material in Germany 
| taxon = Hirundo
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| type_species = ''Hirundo rustica'' ([[barn swallow]])
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}
The [[bird]] [[genus]] '''''Hirundo''''' is a group of [[passerine]]s in the family [[Hirundinidae]] (swallows and martins). The genus name is [[Latin]] for a swallow.<ref name="job">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling|title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names|last=Jobling|first=James A|publisher=Christopher Helm|year=2010|isbn=978-1408125014|location=London|page=193}}</ref> These are the typical swallows, including the widespread [[barn swallow]]. Many of this group have blue backs, red on the face and sometimes the rump or nape, and whitish or [[rufous]] underparts. With fifteen species this genus is the largest in its family.

==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Hirundo'' was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=191 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727100 }}</ref> The genus name is the [[Latin]] word for a swallow.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=193 }}</ref> Linnaeus included eight species in the genus and of these [[William John Swainson|William Swainson]] designated the [[barn swallow]] (''Hirundo rustica'') as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Swainson | first=William John | author-link=William John Swainson | year=1837 | title=On the Natural History and Classification of Birds | volume=2 | location=London  | publisher=John Taylor | page=340 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41945118 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last1=Dickinson | editor-first1=E.C. | editor1-link=Edward C. Dickinson  | editor-last2=Christidis | editor-first2=L. | editor2-link=Leslie Christidis | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | volume=2: Passerines | edition=4th | location=Eastbourne, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 | page=479 }}</ref>

===Extant species===
The genus contains sixteen species. The linear sequence is based on two [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies published in 2005 and 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sheldon|first1=Frederick H.|last2=Whittingham|first2=Linda A.|last3=Moyle|first3=Robert G.|last4=Slikas|first4=Beth|last5=Winkler|first5=David W.|date=April 2005|title=Phylogeny of swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15737595/|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=35|issue=1|pages=254–270|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.008|issn=1055-7903|pmid=15737595|bibcode=2005MolPE..35..254S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Silva|first1=Thilina N. de|last2=Fernando|first2=Sumudu W.|last3=Robbins|first3=Mark B.|last4=Cooper|first4=Jacob C.|last5=Fokam|first5=Eric B.|last6=Peterson|first6=A. Townsend|date=2018|title=Recognition of a new generic-level swallow taxon from central Africa|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jav.01698|journal=Journal of Avian Biology|language=en|volume=49|issue=9|pages=e01698|doi=10.1111/jav.01698|s2cid=90611033|issn=1600-048X}}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=August 2024 | title=Swallows | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/swallows/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=5 October 2024 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Common name !! Scientific name  !! Distribution
|-
|[[File:Hirundo nigrorufa, Munhango, Birding Weto, a.jpg|120px]]
|[[Black-and-rufous swallow]]
|''Hirundo nigrorufa''
|Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia.
|-
|
|[[Blue swallow (bird)|Blue swallow]]
|''Hirundo atrocaerulea''
|from South Africa to Tanzania
|-
|[[File:Pied-winged swallow (Hirundo leucosoma).jpg|120px]]
|[[Pied-winged swallow]]
|''Hirundo leucosoma''
|Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo.
|-
|[[File:Hirundo megaensis Mega.jpg|120px]]
|[[White-tailed swallow]]
|''Hirundo megaensis''
|Oromia, Ethiopia.
|-
|[[File:Pearl-breasted Swallow by CraigAdam (cropped).jpg|120px]]
|[[Pearl-breasted swallow]]
|''Hirundo dimidiata''
|southern Africa from Angola, southern Congo and Tanzania southwards.
|-
|[[File:Hirundo rustica, 1st-winter - Pak Thale, Thailand.jpg|120px]]
|[[Pacific swallow]]
|''Hirundo javanica''
|southern Asia and the islands of the south Pacific.
|-
|
|[[Tahiti swallow]]
|''Hirundo tahitica''
|islands of [[Moorea]] and [[Tahiti]] in [[French Polynesia]]
|-
|[[File:Hill Swallow (Hirundo domicola) by Dharani Prakash.jpg|120px]]
|[[Hill swallow]]
|''Hirundo domicola''
|southern India and Sri Lanka.
|-
|[[File:Hirundo neoxena risdon.jpg|120px]]
|[[Welcome swallow]]
|''Hirundo neoxena''
|Australia and nearby islands
|-
|[[File:White-throated Swallows (Hirundo albigularis) (6817418149) (cropped).jpg|120px]]
|[[White-throated swallow]]
|''Hirundo albigularis''
|southern Africa from Angola and Zambia southwards to the Cape in South Africa.
|-
|[[File:Wire tailed swallow 18 കമ്പിവാലൻ കത്രിക (Hirundo smithii ).jpg|120px]]
|[[Wire-tailed swallow]]
|''Hirundo smithii''
|southern Africa and southeastern Asia.
|-
|[[File:White-throated Blue-Swallow S4E1838 (16953709336) (cropped).jpg|120px]]
|[[White-bibbed swallow]]
|''Hirundo nigrita''
|Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Uganda.
|-
|[[File:Barn Swallow perched in wire.jpg|120px]]||[[Barn swallow]] ||''Hirundo rustica''||North and South America, most of Africa aside from the Sahara Desert, most of Eurasia aside from the northern Siberia, and northern Australia.
|-
|[[File:Angola swallow.jpg|120px]]||[[Angola swallow]] ||''Hirundo angolensis''|| Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. 
|-
|[[File:Flickr - Rainbirder - Red-chested Swallow (Hirundo lucida).jpg|120px]]||[[Red-chested swallow]] ||''Hirundo lucida''|| West Africa, the Congo Basin and Ethiopia. 
|-
|[[File:Ethiopian Swallow - Ghana S4E2764 (16978329422).jpg|120px]]||[[Ethiopian swallow]] ||''Hirundo aethiopica''||Benin to Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Israel, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda
|-
|}

===Extinct species===
There are at least two fossil species included in this genus:
*†''Hirundo gracilis'' (late Miocene of Polgardi, Hungary)<ref name=Kess>Kessler, E. (2013). Neogene songbirds (Aves, Passeriformes) from Hungary. ''Hantkeniana Budapest'' 8: 37-149.</ref>
*†''Hirundo major'' (Pliocene of Csarnota, Hungary)<ref name=Kess/>

===Former species===
Some authorities, either presently or formerly, recognize several additional species as belonging to the genus ''Hirundo'' including:
* [[West African swallow]] (as ''Hirundo domicella'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=0D8DB4AE1ECF61AF|title=Cecropis domicella - Avibase|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org|access-date=2017-05-05}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
All of the species are found in the [[Old World]], although one, the barn swallow, is [[cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan]], also occurring in the Americas.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Hirundo rustica at Montlake Playfield, Seattle 03.jpg|{{center|''[[Hirundo rustica|H. rustica]]'' foraging}}
File:BARN SWALLOW.jpg|{{center|Windows in the tail of ''H. rustica''}}
File:Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii by Dr. Raju Kasambe.jpg|{{center|Tail streamers of ''[[Hirundo smithii|H. smithii]] filifera ''}}
File:Hirundo rustica nest Kuivaniemi 20140614 02.JPG|{{center|Nest of ''H. rustica''}}
File:Hirundo rustica gutturalis nest and 3 eggs.JPG|{{center|Clutch of ''[[Barn swallow|H. rustica]] gutturalis''}}
File:Hirundo smithii MHNT.jpg|{{center|Clutch of ''H. smithii''}}
</gallery>

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Hirundinidae}}
{{Passerida|S.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q28135}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hirundo| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]


{{Hirundinidae-stub}}

[[cs:Vlaštovka]]

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