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{{Short description|Fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets}}
{{for|the English pronoun|he (pronoun)}}
{{for|the Japanese letter|He (kana)}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Ha'|Ḥāʾ|Ḫāʾ|Ha' (restaurant)|Euro sign}}
{{Citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Phoenician glyph|letname=He|previouslink=Dalet|previousletter=Dalet|nextlink=Waw (letter)|nextletter=Waw|archar=ه|sychar=ܗ|hechar=ה|amchar=𐡄|gechar=ሀ|phchar=𐤄|grchar=[[Ε]]|lachar=[[E]]|cychar=[[Е]], [[Є]], [[Э]], [[Ҩ]]|ipa={{IPAlink|h}}, ([[ʔ]])|num=5|gem=5}}

'''He''' is the fifth [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] of the [[Semitic abjads]], including [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] ''hāʾ'' {{Script|Arabic|ه}}, [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]] ''hē'' 𐡄, [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]] ''hē'' {{Script|Hebr|ה}}, [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] ''hē'' 𐤄, and [[Syriac alphabet|Syriac]] ''hē'' ܗ. Its sound value is the [[voiceless glottal fricative]] ({{IPA|[h]}}).

The [[Proto-Canaanite_alphabet|proto-Canaanite]] letter gave rise to the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] [[Epsilon]] Ε ε,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Satzinger |first1=Helmut |title=Syllabic and Alphabetic Script, or the Egyptian Origin of the Alphabet |journal=Aegyptus |date=2002 |volume=82 |issue=1/2 |page=16 |jstor=41217347 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41217347 |access-date=3 February 2024 |issn=0001-9046 |archive-date=3 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203210708/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41217347 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Etruscan alphabet|Etruscan]]  [[File:Alfabeto camuno-e.svg|14px|E]] 𐌄, [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] [[E]], [[Ë]] and [[Latin epsilon|Ɛ]], and  [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] [[Ye (Cyrillic)|Е]], [[Yo (Cyrillic)|Ё]], [[Ukrainian Ye|Є]], [[E (Cyrillic)|Э]], and [[O-hook|Ҩ]]. ''He'', like all Phoenician letters, represented a [[consonant]], but the Latin, Greek and Cyrillic equivalents have all come to represent [[vowel]] sounds.

==Origins==

In Proto-[[Northwest Semitic]] there were still three voiceless fricatives: uvular {{transl|sem|ḫ}} {{IPA-all|χ}}, glottal {{transl|sem|h}} {{IPA-all|h}}, and pharyngeal {{transl|sem|ḥ}} {{IPA-all|ħ}}. In the [[Wadi el-Hol script]], these appear to be expressed by derivatives of the following Egyptian hieroglyphs <hiero>V28</hiero>''{{transl|sem|ḫayt}}'' "[[yarn|thread]]",
<hiero>A28</hiero> ''{{transl|sem|hillul}}'' "[[wiktionary:jubilation|jubilation]]", compare [[South Arabian alphabet|South Arabian]] [[File:himjar ha.PNG|20px]] {{transl|sem|h}}, [[File:himjar ha2.PNG|20px]] {{transl|sem|ḥ}}, [[File:himjar kha.PNG|20px]] {{transl|sem|ḫ}}, [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez]] <span style="font-size:140%;">ሀ</span>, <span style="font-size:140%;">ሐ</span>, <span style="font-size:140%;">ኀ</span>, and <hiero>O6</hiero> ''{{transl|sem|ḥasir}}'' "[[court]]".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Darnell |first1=John Coleman |last2=Dobbs-Allsopp |first2=F. W. |last3=Lundberg |first3=Marilyn J. |last4=McCarter |first4=P. Kyle |last5=Zuckerman |first5=Bruce |last6=Manassa |first6=Colleen |title=Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Ḥôl: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt |journal=The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research |date=2005 |volume=59 |pages=63–124 |jstor=3768583 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3768583 |access-date=3 February 2024 |issn=0066-0035 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718012520/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3768583 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In the [[Phoenician alphabet]], ''{{transl|sem|ḫayt}}'' and ''{{transl|sem|ḥasir}}'' are merged into [[Heth (letter)|Heth]] "fence", while ''{{transl|sem|hillul}}'' is replaced by ''He'' "[[window]]".

==Arabic hāʾ==
{{Infobox grapheme|name=hāʾ هاء|letter=ه|script=[[Arabic script]]|type=[[Abjad]]|language=[[Arabic language]]|phonemes={{IPAlink|h}}|alphanumber=26|number=|fam2=𐤄|fam3=𐡄|fam4=𐢆 ,𐢇|direction=Right-to-left}}The letter is named ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|hāʾ}}''. It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ه}}

''{{Transl|ar|DIN|Hāʾ}}'' is used as a suffix (with the {{lang|ar-Latn|[[harakat]]}} dictated by ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|[[ʾIʿrab]]}}'') indicating [[possession (linguistics)|possession]], indicating that the noun marked with the suffix belongs to a specific [[grammatical gender|masculine]] possessor; for example, {{lang|ar|كِتَاب}} ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|kitāb}}'' ("book") becomes {{lang|ar|كِتَابُهُ}} ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|kitābuhu}}'' ('his book') with the addition of final ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|hāʾ}}''; the possessor is implied in the suffix. A longer example, {{lang|ar|هُوَ يَقْرَأُ كِتَابَهُ}}, ({{lang|ar-Latn|huwa yaqraʼu kitābahu}}, "he reads his book") more clearly indicates the possessor. Hāʾ is also used as the Arabic abbreviation for dates following the Islamic era [[AH (era)|AH]]. The medial form of ''hāʾ'' resembles either the number [[8]] or the wings of a [[butterfly]]. The letter ''hāʾ'', especially its isolated form is informally written as the initial form of the letter itself.

The ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|hāʾ}}'' suffix appended to a verb represents a masculine [[object (grammar)|object]] (e.g. {{lang|ar|يَقْرَأُهُ}}, ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|yaqraʾuhu}}'', 'he reads it').

The feminine form of this construction is in both cases {{lang|ar|ـهَا}} ''{{Transl|ar|DIN|-hā}}''.

In [[Nastaʿlīq]] the letter has a variant, [[gol he]], with its own particular shapes. As Urdu and other languages of Pakistan are usually written in Nastaʿlīq, they normally employ this variant, which is given an independent code point (U+06C1) for compatibility:

{{Arabic alphabet Naskh and Nastaliq shapes|ہ}}

For [[Aspirated consonant|aspiration]] and [[breathy voice]] Urdu and other languages of Pakistan use the medial (in Nastaliq script) or initial (in Naskh script) form of ''hāʾ'', called in Urdu {{lang|ur-Latn|do cashmī he}} ('two-eyed he'):

{{Arabic alphabet Naskh and Nastaliq shapes|ھ}}

Several Turkic languages of Central Asia like [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur]] as well as [[Kurdish alphabet|Kurdish]] also use this letter for fricative /{{IPA link|h}}/.

===Arabic ae===
Many Turkic languages of Central Asia like Uyghur as well as [[Kurdish alphabet|Kurdish]] use the modification of the letter for front vowels /{{IPA link|æ}}/ or /{{IPA link|ɛ}}/. This has its own code point (U+06D5). To distinguish it from Arabic ''hāʾ'' /h/ the letter lacks its initial and medial forms:
{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ە}}
By contrast, the letter used for /h/, appearing in loanwords, uses only the initial and medial forms of the Arabic ''hāʾ'', even in isolated and final positions. In Unicode, {{unichar|06BE|Arabic Letter Heh Doachashmee|use=lang|use2=ug}} is used for this purpose.

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.6;text-align:center"
! scope="row" style="line-height:1.5;text-align:left" | Position in word
! scope="col" | Isolated
! scope="col" | Final
! scope="col" | Medial
! scope="col" | Initial
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Glyph form:<br/>([[Help:Arabic|Help]])
| style="color:#aaa; font-size: 3em;" | {{Script/Arabic|{{lang|ug|ھ}}}}
| style="color:#aaa; font-size: 3em;" | {{Script/Arabic|{{lang|ug|ـھ}}}}
| style="font-size: 3em;" | {{Script/Arabic|{{lang|ug|ـھـ}}}}
| style="font-size: 3em;" | {{Script/Arabic|{{lang|ug|ھـ}}}}
|}

Example words in Uyghur include {{lang|ug|شاھ}} ({{transl|ug|shah}}), a loanword from Persian, and {{lang|ug|سۈلھ}} ({{transl|ug|sülh}}), a loanword from Arabic.

==Hebrew heh==
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=5|<small>[[Orthography|Orthographic]] variants</small>
|-
!colspan=3|<small>Various print fonts</small>
!rowspan=2|<small>[[Cursive Hebrew|Cursive<br>Hebrew]]</small>
!rowspan=2|<small>[[Rashi script|Rashi<br>script]]</small>
|-
!|<small>Serif</small> !! <small>[[Sans-serif]]</small> !! <small>[[Monospaced]]</small>
|-
|width=20%|<span style="font:30pt 'Times New Roman', 'SBL Hebrew', David, Narkisim, 'New Peninim MT', 'Taamey Frank CLM', serif;">ה</span>
|width=20%|<span style="font:29pt Arial, 'DejaVu Sans Condensed', 'DejaVu Sans', Tahoma, 'Noto Sans Hebrew', Alef, sans-serif;">ה</span>
|width=20%|<span style="font:30pt 'Courier New', 'Miriam Fixed', 'Miriam Mono CLM', FreeMono, monospace;">ה</span>
|width=20%|[[File:Hebrew letter He handwriting.svg|22px]]
|width=20%|[[File:He (Rashi-script - Hebrew letter).svg|35px]]
|}

Hebrew spelling: <big>{{Script/Hebrew|הֵא}}</big>

===Pronunciation===
In [[Hebrew Language|modern Hebrew]], the letter represents a [[voiceless glottal fricative]] {{IPA|/h/}}, and may also be dropped, although this pronunciation is seen as substandard.

Also, in many variant Hebrew pronunciations the letter may represent a glottal stop. In word-final position, ''Hei'' is often used to indicate an ''a''-vowel, usually that of [[qamatz]] (&nbsp;<big>{{Script/Hebrew|ָ}}</big>&nbsp;), and in this sense functions like [[Aleph]], [[Vav (letter)|Vav]], and [[Yodh|Yud]] as a [[mater lectionis]], indicating the presence of a long vowel. However, it may also be used to indicate the sounds /e/ or /o/, as in {{Script/Hebrew|עוֹשֶׂה}} (/ose/, 'makes') or {{Script/Hebrew|פֹּה}} (/po/, 'here').

''Hei'', along with [[Aleph (Hebrew)|Aleph]], [[Ayin]], [[Resh|Reish]], and [[Heth (letter)|Khet]], cannot receive a [[dagesh]]. Nonetheless, it does receive a marking identical to the dagesh, to form ''Hei-[[mappiq]]'' ({{Script/Hebrew|הּ}}). Although indistinguishable for most modern speakers or readers of Hebrew, the mapiq is placed in a word-final ''Hei'' to indicate that the letter is not merely a mater lectionis but the consonant should be aspirated in that position. It is generally used in Hebrew to indicate the third-person feminine singular genitive marker. Today, such a pronunciation only occurs in religious contexts and even then often only by careful readers of the scriptures.

===Significance of He===
In [[gematria]], ''He'' symbolizes the number five, and when used at the beginning of [[Hebrew calendar|Hebrew years]], it means 5000 (i.e. {{lang|he|התשנ״ד}} in [[Arabic numerals|numbers]] would be the [[calendar date|date]] 5754). 

Attached to words, ''He'' may have three possible meanings:
* A [[preposition]] meaning the definite article "the", or the relative pronouns 'that', or 'who' (as in 'a boy ''who'' reads'). For example, {{lang|he-Latn|yeled}}, 'a boy'; {{lang|he-Latn|'''ha'''yeled}}, 'the boy'.
* A prefix indicating that the sentence is a question. (For example, {{lang|he-Latn|yadata}}, 'You knew'; {{lang|he-Latn|'''Ha'''yadata?}}, 'Did you know?')
* A suffix after place names indicating movement towards the given noun. (For example, {{lang|he-Latn|Yerushalayim}}, '[[Jerusalem]]'; {{lang|he-Latn|Yerushalaym'''ah'''}}, 'towards Jerusalem'.)

In modern Hebrew the frequency of the usage of hei, out of all the letters, is 8.18%.

''He'', representing five in gematria, is often found on amulets, symbolizing the five fingers of a hand, [[Hamsa|a very common talismanic symbol]].

====In Judaism====
''He'' is often used to represent the name of God as an abbreviation for [[Names of God in Judaism#HaShem|Hashem]], which means ''The Name'' and is a way of saying ''God'' without actually saying the name of God (YHWH). In print, Hashem is usually written as ''Hei'' with a [[geresh]]: {{Script/Hebrew|ה׳}}.

==Syriac heh==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!'''Heh'''
|-
| [[File:Syriac Eastern he.svg|50px]] ''Madnḫaya'' Heh
|-
| [[File:Syriac Serta he.svg|50px]] ''Serṭo'' Heh
|-
| [[File:Syriac Estrangela he.svg|50px]] ''Esṭrangela'' Heh
|}

[[File:Syriac letter shapes Heh.PNG|600px]]

In the [[Syriac alphabet]], the fifth letter is {{lang|syr|ܗ}} — Heh ({{lang|syr|ܗܹܐ}}). It is pronounced as an <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>. At the end of a word with a point above it, it represents the [[grammatical person|third-person]] [[grammatical gender|feminine]] [[grammatical number|singular]] [[suffix]]. Without the point, it stands for the masculine equivalent. Standing alone with a horizontal line above it, it is the [[abbreviation]] for either ''hānoh'' ({{lang|syr|ܗܵܢܘܿ}}), meaning 'this is' or 'that is', or ''[[Hallelujah|halelûya]]'' ({{lang|syr|ܗܵܠܹܠܘܼܝܵܐ}}). As a numeral, He represents the number five.

==Character encodings==
{{charmap
|05D4|name1=Hebrew Letter He
|0647|name2=Arabic Letter Heh
|06BE|name3=Arabic Letter Heh Dochasmee
|06C1|name4=Arabic Letter Heh Goal
|06D5|name5=Arabic Letter Ae
|0717|name6=Syriac Letter He
|0804|name7=Samaritan Letter Iy
|0844|name8=Mandaic Letter Ah
|1200|name9=Ethiopic Syllable Ha
}}
{{charmap
|10385|name1=Ugaritic Letter Ho
|10844|name2=Imperial Aramaic Letter He
|10864|name3=Palmyrene Letter He
|10887|name4=Nabataean Letter He
|108E4|name5=Hatran Letter He
|10904|name6=Phoenician Letter He
|10A60|name7=Old South Arabian Letter He
|10A80|name8=Old North Arabian Letter Heh
|10FE4|name9=Elymaic Letter He
}}
{{charmap
|10AC6|name1=Manichaean Letter He
|10B44|name2=Inscriptional Parthian Letter He
|10B64|name3=Inscriptional Pahlavi Letter He
|10B84|name4=Psalter Pahlavi Letter He
|10F05|name5=Old Sogdian Letter He
|10F33|name6=Sogdian Letter He
|10FB5|name7=Chorasmian Letter He
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commonscat|He (letter)}}

{{Hebrew language}}
{{Arabic language}}
{{Northwest Semitic abjad}}
[[Category:Phoenician alphabet]]
[[Category:Arabic letters]]
[[Category:Hebrew letters]]
[[Category:Urdu letters]]

[[kk:ه]]
[[tr:He (harf)]]

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