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{{Short description|Single-species fungal genus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| parent_authority = [[D.Hawksw.]] (1990)
| taxon = Globosphaeria jamesii
| authority = D.Hawksw. (1990)
}}

'''''Globosphaeria''''' is a fungal [[genus]] that grows on [[lichen]]s ([[lichenicolous fungi]]), containing the single species '''''Globosphaeria jamesii'''''. The fungus is characterised by dark, spherical fruiting bodies producing colourless, round [[spore]]s, and is found growing on the lichen ''[[Normandina pulchella]]''. First collected in [[Tasmania]] in 1907 but not described until 1990, it was later also discovered in the United States, making it known from just two locations globally. Though initially placed in the [[Xylariales]], the genus is now classified in the order [[Sordariales]], though its exact [[family (biology)|family]] placement remains uncertain.

==Taxonomy==

''Globosphaeria'' is a [[genus]] of fungi that grows on lichens (lichenicolous fungi), [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by [[David Leslie Hawksworth|David Hawksworth]] in 1990. The genus contains only one known species, ''Globosphaeria jamesii'', which was discovered growing on the lichen ''[[Normandina pulchella]]'' in [[Tasmania]]. The genus name combines the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|globosus}} (meaning spherical) – referring to the shape of its [[spore]]s – with ''sphaeria'', a reference to its historical classification in the old order Sphaeriales. The [[botanical name|species epithet]] ''jamesii'' honours [[Peter Wilfred James]], recognising his contributions to lichenology, including that of Tasmania, and in whose company the material was discovered.<ref name="Hawksworth 1990"/>

The exact taxonomic placement of ''Globosphaeria'' remains uncertain. While it shows some similarities to fungi in both the [[Sordariales]] and [[Xylariales]] orders, it was initially tentatively placed in the [[Xylariales]] based on certain structural features, particularly its thread-like filaments ([[paraphyses]]) inside the spore-producing structures and the presence of a germination pore in its spores.<ref name="Hawksworth 1990"/> It is now classified in the order Sordariales, though its familial placement remains uncertain.<ref name="CoL"/><ref name="2024 Outline"/>

==Description==

''Globosphaeria jamesii'' produces small, dark brown to black, nearly spherical fruiting bodies ({{lichengloss|perithecia}}) that grow on the surface of its host lichen. These structures are 0.25–0.3&nbsp;mm in diameter and have a small opening ([[ostiole]]) at the top. The outer wall of the fruiting body is made up of a network of branching filaments and angular cells that give it a distinctive texture.<ref name="Hawksworth 1990"/>

Inside the fruiting bodies are cylindrical spore sacs ([[ascus|asci]]) that measure 80–90&nbsp;[[micrometre]]s (μm) long and 8–11&nbsp;μm wide. Each ascus contains eight spores arranged in a single row. These spores are spherical ({{lichengloss|globose}}), and colourless ([[hyaline]]), with smooth, thick walls up to 2&nbsp;μm thick. They measure 8–10&nbsp;μm in diameter and each has a single germination pore that allows it to grow when conditions are favourable.<ref name="Hawksworth 1990"/>

==Habitat and distribution==

''Globosphaeria jamesii'' was first collected in [[Waratah]], Tasmania, in February 1907, where it was found growing on the {{lichengloss|squamules}} (scale-like structures) of the lichen ''Normandina pulchella''. However, the fungus itself wasn't identified and described as a new species until 1990, when Hawksworth examined the historical specimen. The [[type (biology)|type specimen]] was very limited in material, containing only two fruiting bodies, one of which had to be sacrificed for the scientific description. The relationship between ''G.&nbsp;jamesii'' and its host lichen appears to be either [[commensalism|commensalistic]] (where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected) or possibly [[mutualism (biology)|mutualistic]] (where both organisms benefit), as the fungus's pale brown filaments surround algal cells within the host lichen without causing any visible damage or discolouration.<ref name="Hawksworth 1990"/>

After its description in 1990, the species remained known only from its original collection in Tasmania until 1998, when it was discovered for the first time in North America. This new specimen, which contained multiple fruiting bodies, was found near [[Sappho, Washington]], USA, at an elevation of {{cvt|180|m}} in an area northeast of Beaver Lake. This discovery not only expanded the known geographic range of the species but also provided additional material for study.<ref name="Diederich 2003"/>

Despite these two known locations, ''G.&nbsp;jamesii'' remains a rarely collected species, known only from Tasmania and the [[Pacific Northwest]] of North America, always growing on the same host lichen species, ''Normandina pulchella''. The species has been cited as an example of how describing new taxa based on singleton specimens can be scientifically valid when the material shows clear taxonomic novelty, even if additional specimens are not immediately available.<ref name="Cazabonne et al. 2024"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="CoL">{{Catalogue of Life |id=4P2Q |title=''Globosphaeria'' |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="Cazabonne et al. 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Cazabonne |first1=Jonathan |last2=Walker |first2=Allison K. |last3=Lesven |first3=Jonathan |last4=Haelewaters |first4=Danny |title=Singleton-based species names and fungal rarity: Does the number really matter? |journal=IMA Fungus |volume=15 |issue=7 |year=2024 |pmid=38504339 |pmc=10953280 |doi=10.1186/s43008-023-00137-2 |doi-access=free |pages=1–11}}</ref>

<ref name="Diederich 2003">{{cite journal |last=Diederich |first=Paul |year=2003 |title=New species and new records of American lichenicolous fungi |journal=Herzogia |volume=16 |pages=41–90 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237730002}}</ref>

<ref name="Hawksworth 1990">{{cite journal |last=Hawksworth |first=D.L. |title=''Globosphaeria'', a remarkable new pyrenomycete on ''Normandina'' from Tasmania |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=22 |issue=3 |year=1990 |doi=10.1017/S0024282990000330 |pages=301–305}}</ref>

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|last512=Yuan |first512=L.L. |last513=Yuan |first513=Q. |last514=Zabin |first514=D.A. |last515=Zamora |first515=J.C. |last516=Zapata |first516=C.V. |last517=Zare |first517=R. |last518=Zeng |first518=M. |last519=Zeng |first519=X.Y. |last520=Zhang |first520=J.F. |last521=Zhang |first521=J.Y. |last522=Zhang |first522=S. |last523=Zhang |first523=X.C. |last524=Zhao |first524=C.L. |last525=Zhao |first525=H. |last526=Zhao |first526=Q. |last527=Zhao |first527=H. |last528=Zhao |first528=H.J. |last529=Zhou |first529=H.M. |last530=Zhu |first530=X.Y. |last531=Zmitrovich |first531=I.V. |last532=Zucconi |first532=L. |last533=Zvyagina |first533=E. |title=The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=5146–6239 [5329] |year=2024 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385939154}}</ref>

}}

{{Taxonbar |from1=Q10505593 |from2=Q10505594}}

[[Category:Sordariales]]
[[Category:Eurotiomycetes genera]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1990]]
[[Category:Lichenicolous fungi]]
[[Category:Taxa named by David Leslie Hawksworth]]

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