Dipsadinae: Difference between revisions

| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Upper Pleistocene|Recent}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Subfamily Dipsadinae Guenther 1858 (colubrid snake) |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=67685&is_real_user=1 |website=PBDB}}</ref>

| synonyms =

Dipsadina <small>Bonaparte, 1838</small><ref name=Bonaparte/><br />

'''Dipsadinae''' is a large subfamily of [[Colubroidea|colubroid]] [[snakes]], sometimes referred to as a family ('''Dipsadidae''').<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pyron|first1=R. A.|last2=Burbrink|first2=F.|last3=Wiens|first3=J. J.|title=A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=2013|volume=13|pages=93|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-13-93|pmid=23627680|pmc=3682911}}</ref><ref name="Pyron2011">{{cite journal|last1=Pyron|first1=R. A.|last2=Burbrink|first2=F. T.|last3=Colli|first3=G. R.|last4=De Oca|first4=A. N. M.|last5=Vitt|first5=L. J.|last6=Kuczynski|first6=C. A.|last7=Wiens|first7=J. J.|title=The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=2011|volume=58|issue=2|pages=329–342|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006|pmid=21074626|url=http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Pyron_et_al_2011.pdf|quote=Our results support monophyly of Colubridae, containing the traditionally recognized subfamilies Calamariinae, Colubrinae, Natricinae, Pseudoxenodontinae, and Dipsadinae.}}</ref><ref name="Figueroa16">{{cite journal|last1=Figueroa|first1=A.|last2=McKelvy|first2=A. D.|last3=Grismer|first3=L. L.|last4=Bell|first4=C. D.|last5=Lailvaux|first5=S. P.|title=A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus|journal=PLOS ONE|date=2016|volume=11|issue=9|pages=e0161070|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0161070|pmid=27603205|pmc=5014348|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1161070F |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ZhengWiens2016">{{cite journal|last1=Zheng|first1=Y|last2=Wiens|first2=JJ|title=Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=2016|volume=94|issue=Pt B|pages=537–547|url=http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Zheng_Wiens_2015b_MPE.pdf|pmid=26475614|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009}}</ref><ref name=TRD/> They are found in most of the [[Americas]], including the [[West Indies]], and are most diverse in South America.<ref name="Grazziotin et al. 2012"/><ref name=VittCaldwell/> There are more than 700 species.<ref name="TRD">{{cite web|last1=Uetz|first1=Peter|title=Dipsadinae|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=dipsadinae&submit=Search|website=The Reptile Database|access-date=14 May 2018}}</ref>

Dipsadinae are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of mostly small to moderate-sized snakes (typically less than {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} in total length). Some are arboreal, but others are aquatic or terrestrial and may even burrow. Most are [[oviparous]].<ref name=VittCaldwell/> Many eat frogs or lizards, and some consume mammals and birds. Several genera (e.g. ''[[Adelphicos]]'', ''[[Atractus]]'', ''[[Geophis]]'', ''[[Dipsas]]'', ''[[Ninia]]'', ''[[Sibon (snake)|Sibon]]'', ''[[Sibynomorphus]]'', ''[[Tropidodipsas]]'') are specialized feeders on gooey and slimy prey, such as frog eggs, earthworms, snails, and slugs.<ref name="Ray2012">{{cite journal|last1=Ray|first1=J. M.|last2=Montgomery|first2=C. E.|last3=Mahon|first3=H. K.|last4=Savitzky|first4=A. H.|last5=Lips|first5=K. R.|title=Goo-eaters: diets of the neotropical snakes Dipsas and Sibon in Central Panama|journal=Copeia|date=2012|volume=2012|issue=2|pages=197–202|doi=10.1643/CH-10-100|s2cid=86226277}}</ref><ref name="deOliveira08">{{cite journal|last1=de Oliveira|first1=L.|last2=Jared|first2=C.|last3=da Costa Prudente|first3=A. L.|last4=Zaher|first4=H.|last5=Antoniazzi|first5=M. M.|title=Oral glands in dipsadine "goo-eater" snakes: morphology and histochemistry of the infralabial glands in Atractus reticulatus, Dipsas indica, and Sibynomorphus mikanii|journal=Toxicon|date=2008|volume=51|issue=5|pages=898–913|doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.021|pmid=18262581}}</ref><ref name="Zaher14">{{cite journal|last1=Zaher|first1=H.|last2=de Oliveira|first2=L.|last3=Grazziotin|first3=F. G.|last4=Campagner|first4=M.|last5=Jared|first5=C.|last6=Antoniazzi|first6=M. M.|last7=Prudente|first7=A. L.|title=Consuming viscous prey: a novel protein-secreting delivery system in neotropical snail-eating snakes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|date=2014|volume=14|issue=1|pages=58|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-58|pmid=24661572|pmc=4021269}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://faculty.weber.edu/rmeyers/lip-curling.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-11-30 |archive-date=2018-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005239/http://faculty.weber.edu/rmeyers/lip-curling.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XhvDwAAQBAJ |title = The Book of Snakes: A Life-Size Guide to Six Hundred Species from around the World|isbn = 9780226459394|last1 = O'Shea|first1 = Mark|date = 2018-10-22}}</ref> Almost all species are completely harmless to humans, although a few genera (e.g. ''[[Borikenophis]]'', ''[[Cubophis]]'', ''[[Heterodon]]'', ''[[Hydrodynastes]]'', ''[[Philodryas]]'') have inflicted painful bites with local, non-life-threatening symptoms.<ref name="Weinstein2011">{{cite book|last1=Weinstein|first1=S. A.|last2=Warrell|first2=D. A.|last3=White|first3=J.|last4=Keyler|first4=D. E.|title=Venomous bites from non-venomous snakes: A critical analysis of risk and management of "colubrid" snake bites|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier|location=London}}</ref>

Some authors refer to part or all of this group as [[Xenodontinae]], but if the two names are used synonymously, Dipsadinae is the correct name because it is older.<ref name="Pyron2011"/> When Xenodontinae is used non-synonymously, it normally refers to the larger and more derived South American-Caribbean subclade containing the genus ''[[Xenodon]]'' and its relatives, whereas Dipsadinae ''sensu stricto'' is restricted to the smaller and more basal Central American subclade containing the genus ''[[Dipsas]]'' and its relatives.<ref name="Grazziotin et al. 2012"/><ref name="Zaher2009">{{cite journal|last1=Zaher|first1=H.|last2=Grazziotin|first2=F. G.|last3=Cadle|first3=J. E.|last4=Murphy|first4=R. W.|last5=Moura-Leite|first5=J. C.|last6=Bonatto|first6=S. L.|title=Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: A revised classification and descriptions of new taxa|journal=Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo)|date=2009|volume=49|issue=11|pages=115–153|doi=10.1590/S0031-10492009001100001|doi-access=free}}</ref> Also, a third North American group (sometimes called "Carphophiinae") contains nine species in five genera at the base of the Dipsadinae (the "North American relicts" thought to have descended from the ancestors of dipsadines as they crossed from Asia to South America by way of North America; genera ''[[Heterodon]]'', ''[[Farancia]]'', ''[[Diadophis]]'', ''[[Carphophis]]'', and ''[[Contia]]'').<ref name="Pinou2004">{{cite journal|last1=Pinou|first1=T.|last2=Vicario|first2=S.|last3=Marschner|first3=M.|last4=Caccone|first4=A.|title=Relict snakes of North America and their relationships within Caenophidia, using likelihood-based Bayesian methods on mitochondrial sequences|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=2004|volume=32|issue=2|pages=563–574|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.02.005|pmid=15223038|citeseerx=10.1.1.542.4840}}</ref>

Within the Dipsadinae, the three major groups/clades or subfamilies are the Central American group ("Dipsadinae" ''sensu stricto''), the South American + Caribbean group ("[[Xenodontinae]]"), and a small North American group (sometimes called the "Carphophiinae" or, incorrectly, "Heterodontinae").{{efn|"[[Bullhead shark|Heterodontinae]]" is a subfamily of sharks; this problem is discussed in Appendix I of Grazziotin, F. G., H. Zaher, R. W. Murphy, G. Scrocchi, M. A. Benavides, Y.-P. Zhang, and S. L. Bonattoh (2012):<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x|title=Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): A reappraisal|journal=Cladistics|volume=28|issue=5|pages=437–459|year=2012|last1=Grazziotin|first1=Felipe G|last2=Zaher|first2=Hussam|last3=Murphy|first3=Robert W|last4=Scrocchi|first4=Gustavo|last5=Benavides|first5=Marco A|last6=Zhang|first6=Ya-Ping|last7=Bonatto|first7=Sandro L|pmid=34836446 |s2cid=84934386}}</ref> ''"The shark family Heterodontidae (based on the genus Heterodontus Blainville, 1816) dates from Gray (1851: 65), but its use as the snake family Heterodontidae (based on the genus Heterodon Latreille, 1801) dates from Bonaparte (1845) and it has not been used in the literature since. Thus both the genus and family names for snakes have priority over the sharks. However, the resurrection of the family name Heterodontidae for snakes (subfamily Heterodontinae in Vidal et al., 2007) causes unnecessary confusion owing to the long-standing use of the name for sharks (e.g. Compagno, 2002; Baldwin, 2005). Consequently, Rossman and Wilson (1965) and Zaher et al. (2009) argued that the family name should be applied only to sharks in the interest of maintaining nomenclatorial stability, a position that contrasts strongly with that of Vidal et al. (2007, 2010). According to Art. 52.2 of the Code, when two names ‘‘are homonyms, only the senior, as determined by the Principle of Priority, may be used as a valid name’’. We believe that if this clade of snakes continuously appears in phylogenetic studies, then it is desirable to petition the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside use of the family name for the snakes in favor of the sharks in the interest of nomenclatorial stability. An alternative nomenclature would be to change the spelling of the shark family to Heterodontusidae. In any case, we suggest the North American relictual Xenodontinae (sensu Pinou, 1993; Pinou et al., 2004) should not be referred to as the subfamily Heterodontinae until a well defined nomenclatural resolution is obtained."'' See also Rossman, D. A. and L. D. Wilson (1965).<ref>{{cite book|author=D. A. Rossman|title=Comments on the Revival of the Colubrid Snake Subfamily Heterodontinae|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5T4jgEACAAJ|year=1965}}</ref>}}<ref name="Pinou2004"/> In addition, a number of snake genera are likely to be dipsadines based on their morphology and geographic range, but because of the absence of genetic data and information about their closest relatives, they are considered genera'' [[incertae sedis]]'' and are not currently placed in a subgroup of the Dipsadinae.

* ''[[Pliocercus]]''

** ''[[Pseudotomodon]]'' Koslowski, 1896

** ''[[Clelia (snake)|Clelia]]'' Fitzinger, 1826

* ''[[Thermophis]]'' Malnate, 1953 (the only Asian genus, likely at the base of the entire clade or at the base of the Dipdadinae + [[Natricinae]] clade)<ref>{{Cite journal | author1 = He M | author2 =Feng JC |author3 = Liu SY | author4 = Guo P | author5 = Zhao EM | author-link5 = Er-mi Zhao | title = The phylogenetic position of ''Thermophis'' (Serpentes: Colubridae), an endemic snake from the Qinghai‐Xizang Plateau, China | doi = 10.1080/00222930802389825 | journal = Journal of Natural History | volume = 43 | issue = 7–8 | pages = 479–488| year = 2009 | s2cid =84653966 | url = http://210.75.237.14/bitstream/351003/19125/1/2009e0050h.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Huang>{{Cite journal | author1 = Huang S |author2 = Liu SY |author3 = Guo P |author4 = Zhang YP |author5 = Zhao EM | title = What are the closest relatives of the hot-spring snakes (Colubridae, ''Thermophis''), the relict species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau? | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.02.013 | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 51 | issue = 3 | pages = 438–446 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19249375| url = http://210.75.237.14/bitstream/351003/19127/1/2009e0111h.pdf}}</ref>}}

<ref name="Grazziotin et al. 2012">{{cite journal|last1=Grazziotin|first1=Felipe G.|last2=Zaher|first2=Hussam|last3=Murphy|first3=Robert W.|last4=Scrocchi|first4=Gustavo|last5=Benavides|first5=Marco A.|last6=Zhang|first6=Ya-Ping|last7=Bonatto|first7=Sandro L. |year=2012 |title=Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal|journal=Cladistics |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=437–459 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x|pmid=34836446 |s2cid=84934386}}</ref>

[[Category:Dipsadidae]]

[[Category:Reptile families]]