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{{Short description|American former politician and jet fighter ace (born 1941)}}
{{for-multi|the American football player|Randall Cunningham|the Disney animated series|Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = Duke Cunningham
|image        = Duke Cunningham.jpg
|state        = [[California]]
|term_start   = January 3, 1991
|term_end     = November 28, 2005
|predecessor  = [[Jim Bates (politician)|Jim Bates]]
|successor    = [[Brian Bilbray]]
|constituency = {{ushr|CA|44|44th district}} (1991–1993)<br>{{ushr|CA|51|51st district}} (1993–2003)<br>{{ushr|CA|50|50th district}} (2003–2005)
|birth_name   = Randall Harold Cunningham
|birth_date   = {{birth date and age|1941|12|8}}
|birth_place  = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
|death_date   = 
|death_place  = 
|party        = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|spouse       = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Susan Albrecht|1965|1973|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Nancy Jones|1974}}
}}
|children     = 3
|education    = [[Truman State University]]<br>[[University of Missouri]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]])<br>[[National University (California)|National University]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
|allegiance   = {{flagu|United States}}
|branch       = {{Navy|United States}}
|serviceyears = 1967–1987
|rank         = {{Dodseal|USNO5|25}} [[Commander (United States)|Commander]]
|battles      = [[Vietnam War]]
|mawards      = [[Navy Cross]]<br>[[Silver Star]] (2)<br>[[Purple Heart]]<br>[[Air Medal]] (15)
|module       = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Rep. Duke Cunningham on the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004.ogg|title=Duke Cunningham's voice|type=speech|description=Cunningham speaks on the work of the [[House Intelligence Committee]] on FY2004 intelligence authorization legislation<br/>Recorded June 25, 2003}}
}}
'''Randall Harold''' "'''Duke'''" '''Cunningham''' (born December 8, 1941) is an American former politician, [[Vietnam War]] veteran and [[fighter ace]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title=Column: Corruption and lava lamps: The saga of Randy 'Duke' Cunningham |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/columnists/story/2021-01-22/column-randy-duke-cunningham-corruption-and-lava-lamps |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=San Diego Union-Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="tamera.twitty@gazette.com">{{Cite web |last=tamera.twitty@gazette.com |first=TAMERA TWITTY |date=2021-05-08 |title='Top Gun' inspiration, presidentially pardoned Randy 'Duke' Cunningham speaks in Colorado Springs |url=https://gazette.com/military/top-gun-inspiration-presidentially-pardoned-randy-duke-cunningham-speaks-in-colorado-springs/article_f58b23d2-b04f-11eb-b95e-b7929844bd46.html |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Colorado Springs Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Cunningham served as a Republican member of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[California's 50th congressional district|California's 50th district]] from 1991 to 2005, and later served prison time for accepting bribes from [[defense contractor]]s.

Prior to his political career, Cunningham was an officer and pilot in the [[U.S. Navy]] for 20 years. Following the [[Vietnam War]], during which he became one of just two U.S. Navy aviators to be confirmed as aces, Cunningham became an instructor at the U.S. Navy's [[United States Navy Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor program|Fighter Weapons School]] (better known as TOPGUN) and commanding officer of [[VF-126|Fighter Squadron 126 (VF-126)]], a shore-based [[adversary squadron]] at [[NAS Miramar]], California.<ref name="legacy.signonsandiego.com">{{cite news |first=Alex |last=Roth |date=January 15, 2006 |title=Shooting down Cunningham's legend |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |url=http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20060115-9999-lz1n15legend.html |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313183110/http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20060115-9999-lz1n15legend.html |archive-date=March 13, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1990, Cunningham ran for the U.S. House of Representatives, defeating Democratic incumbent [[Jim Bates (politician)|Jim Bates]]. He served in the House from 1991 to 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-20 |title=Trump Pardons San Diego's Bribe-Taking Ex-Congressman 'Duke' Cunningham |url=http://timesofsandiego.com/politics/2021/01/19/trump-pardons-san-diegos-bribe-taking-ex-congressman-duke-cunningham/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=Times of San Diego |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Former Rep. 'Duke' Cunningham Freed After Bribery Sentence |website=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/06/04/188667106/former-rep-duke-cunningham-freed-after-bribery-sentence}}</ref> Cunningham resigned from the House on November 28, 2005, after pleading guilty to accepting at least $2.4 million in bribes and [[under-reporting]] his [[taxable income]] for 2004.<ref name=":0" /> He was sentenced to eight years and four months in prison and was ordered to pay $1.8 million in [[restitution]].<ref name="sentence">{{cite news |first=Tony |last=Perry |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title=The Penalty Is Severe for Cunningham | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-04-me-duke4-story.html |date=March 4, 2006 }}</ref> On June 4, 2013, Cunningham completed his prison sentence. He was granted a [[federal pardons in the United States|conditional pardon]] by President [[Donald Trump]] in 2021.<ref name="whitehouse-pardon">{{Cite web|date=January 20, 2021|title=Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding Executive Grants of Clemency|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-regarding-executive-grants-clemency-012021/|access-date=January 23, 2021|website=The White House|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="tamera.twitty@gazette.com"/>

==Early life==
Cunningham was born in [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], to Randall and Lela Cunningham on December 8, 1941, one day after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. His father was a truck driver for [[Union Oil]] at the time.<ref name="birth_cert">California Birth certificate 41-118503</ref> Around 1945, the family moved to [[Fresno]], where Cunningham's father purchased a [[gas station]]. In 1953 they moved to rural [[Shelbina, Missouri]], where his parents purchased and managed the [[five-and-dime]] Cunningham Variety Store.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Peter |last1=Pae |first2=Tony |last2=Perry |first3=Richard |last3=Simon |title=Hard-charging Cunningham fell from a lofty perch |url=http://www.citizensforethics.org/node/23618 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |oclc=3638237 |date=December 9, 2005 |access-date=September 24, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108204608/http://www.citizensforethics.org/node/23618 |archive-date=November 8, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Defendant_Sentencing_Memo">{{cite web |url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/images/060218defenseresponse.pdf |title=Defendant Cunningham's Sentencing Memorandum, Case 05-CR-2137 (LAB), February 2005 |date=March 3, 2006 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-date=September 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915021508/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/images/060218defenseresponse.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Education and military service==
[[File:Warner cunningham driscoll zumwalt.jpg|thumb|June 1972 – Lieutenant Cunningham (second from left) in a ceremony honoring him and Lieutenant (JG) [[William P. Driscoll]] (third from left), the Navy's only Vietnam War air "Aces". On the left is [[John Warner]], then [[Secretary of the Navy]], and on the right is [[Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.|Admiral Elmo Zumwalt]], then [[Chief of Naval Operations]].]]
Cunningham graduated from Shelbina High School in 1959. He attended [[Truman State University|Kirksville Teacher's College]] for one year before transferring to the [[University of Missouri]] in [[Columbia, Missouri|Columbia]]. Cunningham graduated with a bachelor's degree in [[education]] and [[physical education]] in 1964; he obtained his [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in education the following year. He was hired as a physical education teacher and swimming coach at [[Hinsdale Central High School]], where he stayed for one year. Two members of his swim team competed in the [[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Olympics]], where they earned a gold and a silver medal.<ref name="Defendant_Sentencing_Memo"/>

Cunningham joined the [[United States Navy]] in 1967.<ref name="Defendant_Sentencing_Memo"/> During his service, Cunningham and his [[Naval Flight Officer|Navigator/Radar Intercept Officer]] (RIO) [[William P. Driscoll|"Irish" Driscoll]] became the only Navy [[flying ace|aces]] in the [[Vietnam War]], flying an [[F-4 Phantom II]] from aboard [[aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Constellation|CV-64}}. He and Driscoll recorded five aerial victories against [[North Vietnam]]ese [[MiG-21]] and [[MiG-17]] aircraft between January and May 1972, including three kills in one flight (earning them the [[Navy Cross]]).

In the final engagement, Cunningham downed a [[MiG-17]], which was supposedly piloted by [[Nguyen Toon|"Colonel Toon"]], a mythical [[Vietnam People's Air Force|North Vietnam Air Force]] [[flying ace|fighter ace]] loosely based on a North Vietnamese pilot from the 921st [[fighter aircraft|Fighter]] [[Regiment]] named [[Nguyen Van Coc]]. It was later revealed by historians there was no such Colonel Toon and the story was fabricated by Cunningham himself. Van Coc retired from the [[Vietnamese People’s Air Force]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite book| last=Toperczer| first=Ivan| title=MiG-21 Units of the Vietnam War| url=https://archive.org/details/migunitsvietnamw00tope| url-access=limited| publisher=Osprey Publishing Limited| year=2001| isbn=978-1-84176-263-0| page=[https://archive.org/details/migunitsvietnamw00tope/page/n35 34], plate 5}}</ref>

While returning to the carrier after the final shoot-down, Cunningham and Driscoll were forced to eject from their F-4 over water near [[Nam Dinh]], but they were rescued by Navy helicopter.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

After returning to the US from Vietnam in 1972, Cunningham became an instructor at the US Navy's Fighter Weapons School (TOPGUN) at [[Marine Corps Air Station Miramar|Naval Air Station Miramar]] in [[San Diego]].<ref name="legacy.signonsandiego.com"/> He was reportedly nearly [[court-martial]]ed for allegedly breaking into his commanding officer's office to compare his records and fitness reports with those of his colleagues—a charge denied by Cunningham but supported by two of his superior officers at the time.<ref name="legacy.signonsandiego.com"/><ref name=UT_ready>{{cite news |first=Gerry |last=Braun |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/20050715-019-ex-navya.html |title=Ex-Navy ace always ready for a fight |date=July 15, 2005 |page=A-9 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-date=September 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924123229/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/20050715-019-ex-navya.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
Cunningham served tours with [[VF-154]], [[United States Seventh Fleet]], and as [[executive officer]]/[[commanding officer]] of the shore-based adversary squadron [[VF-126]]. In 1985, Cunningham earned an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from [[National University (California)|National University]]. In 1987, he was featured on the [[PBS]] broadcast of the ''[[Nova (American TV series)|NOVA]]'' special "Top Gun And Beyond", during which he recounted his engagement with the North Vietnamese fighter pilot thought to be the mythical "Colonel Toon".
 
He retired from the Navy with the final rank of [[commander]] in 1987, settling in [[Del Mar, California|Del Mar]], a suburb of San Diego. 

Cunningham became nationally known as a [[CNN]] commentator on naval aircraft in the run-up to the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]].<ref>{{cite book |title=What Every American Should Know about Who's Really Running America |last=Rossi |first=Melissa L. |year=2007 |publisher=[[Penguin Group]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO37CE-gAKsC |access-date=June 18, 2014 |page=28|isbn=9780452288201 }}</ref>
[[File:F-4J VF-96 Showtime 100 in flight.jpg|thumb|"Showtime 100", the F-4J flown for three "kills" by Cunningham and Driscoll.]]

==Political career==
[[File:Duke Cunningham at TOPGUN.jpg|thumb|upright|Congressman Cunningham at TOPGUN, 1991.]]
Cunningham's visibility as a CNN commentator led several Republican leaders to approach him about running in what was then the [[California's 44th congressional district|44th District]], one of four [[congressional district]]s that divided [[San Diego]]. The district had been held for eight years by [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] [[Jim Bates (politician)|Jim Bates]], and was considered the most Democratic district in the San Diego area. However, Bates was bogged down in a scandal involving charges of [[sexual harassment]]. Cunningham won the Republican nomination in 1990 and hammered Bates about the scandal, promising to be "a congressman we can be proud of." He won by just one percentage point, giving Republicans full representation of the San Diego area for only the second time since the city was split into two districts after the [[1960 United States census|1960 census]].

Cunningham's status as a Vietnam war hero made him a sought-after source, by colleagues and the media, in the debate on whether to use military force against [[Iraq]] in the lead up to the first [[Gulf War]].<ref name=UT_ready/> [[Guy Vander Jagt]] of [[Michigan]], longtime chairman of the [[National Republican Congressional Committee]], said that Cunningham had considerable "drawing power" and was treated as a celebrity by his fellow Republicans.<ref name=LAT_fall>{{cite news|last1=Pae |first1=Peter |last2=Perry |first2=Tony |last3=Simon |first3=Richard |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=http://www.citizensforethics.org/press/pressclip.php?view=1119 |title=Cunningham's Fall From Grace, Power |page=A-1 |date=December 5, 2005 |access-date=December 5, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327160612/http://www.citizensforethics.org/press/pressclip.php?view=1119 |archive-date=March 27, 2007 }}</ref>
{{external media
| float  = right
| caption =  BIOGRAPHY
| headerimage= [[File:YouTube Logo 2017.svg|alt=YouTube logo|x20px|left]]
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zh2vYYh03Mk  A brief biography of Duke Cunningham]
}}

After the [[1990 United States census|1990 census]], redistricting renumbered the 44th District as the [[California's 51st congressional district|51st]] and created the [[California's 50th congressional district|50th District]], splitting off a significant portion of [[San Diego County]]. At the same time, the 51st added several areas of heavily Republican [[North San Diego County, California|North San Diego County]]. The new district included the home of [[Bill Lowery (US politician)|Bill Lowery]], a fellow Republican who had represented most of the other side of San Diego for the past 12 years. They faced one another in the Republican primary.  Despite Lowery's seniority, his involvement in the [[House banking scandal]] hurt him. As polls showed Cunningham with a substantial lead, Lowery dropped out of the primary race, effectively handing Cunningham the nomination. Cunningham breezed to victory in November.

Even though the district (renumbered as the 50th after the [[2000 United States census|2000 census]]) was not nearly as conservative as the other two Republican-held districts in the San Diego area, Cunningham was re-elected six times with no less than 55 percent of the vote.

Cunningham was a member of the [[U.S. House Committee on Appropriations|Appropriations]] and [[U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|Intelligence]] committees, and chaired the [[United States House Intelligence Subcommittee on Terrorism/HUMINT, Analysis and Counterintelligence|House Intelligence Subcommittee on Human Intelligence Analysis and Counterintelligence]] during the [[109th United States Congress|109th Congress]]. He was considered a leading Republican expert on [[national security]] issues. He was also a champion of education, using his position on the Appropriations Education Subcommittee to steer federal dollars to schools in San Diego. After surgery for [[prostate cancer]] in 1998, he became a champion of [[prostate cancer screening|early testing]] for the disease.

Cunningham was known for making controversial comments. For example:
* Making a comment about gay Congressman [[Barney Frank]], where he called the [[rectal examination]] for [[prostate cancer]] "just not natural, unless maybe you're Barney Frank".<ref name="Wash_Blade_Birch">{{cite news|first=Lou |last=Chibbaro Jr. |newspaper=[[Washington Blade]] |url=http://washingtonblade.com/2003/7-4/news/national/birchdeny.cfm |title=Birch denies speech outed anti-gay congressman |date=July 4, 2003 |access-date=December 7, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040725053801/http://www.washingtonblade.com/2003/7-4/news/national/birchdeny.cfm |archive-date=July 25, 2004 }}</ref>
* [[The finger|Displaying his middle finger]] to a constituent and "for emphasis, [shouting] the two-word meaning of his one-finger salute" during an argument over military spending.<ref name=UT_ready/><ref>{{cite news |last=Wilkie |first=Dana |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |url=http://www.dukecunningham.org/bibliography/obscene.html |title=Cunningham account of vulgar gesture disputed |date=September 9, 1998 |access-date=April 24, 2006}}</ref>
* Suggesting that the Democratic House leadership should be "lined up and shot"—a call he had previously made about [[opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|Vietnam War protesters]].<ref name=UT_ready/>
* Referring to [[sexual orientation and gender identity in military service|gay soldiers]] as "[[homo (slang)|homo]]s" on the floor of the House of Representatives when he said backers of an environmental amendment were "the same people that would ... put homos in the military."<ref name=Wash_Blade_Birch/> He later apologized for his comments.<ref name=Wash_Blade_Birch/>

Cunningham said that "I cut my own rudder" on issues,<ref name="UT_ready"/> He was often compared by liberal [[advocacy group|interest groups]] to former congressman [[Bob Dornan]]; both were former military pilots, and both spoke out against perceived enemies. In 1992, Cunningham, along with Dornan and fellow San Diego Republican [[Duncan L. Hunter]], challenged the patriotism of then-Democratic presidential candidate [[Bill Clinton]] before a near-empty House chamber, but still viewed by [[C-SPAN]] viewers.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.c-span.org/video/?32530-1/house-session| title = House Session {{!}} C-SPAN.org}}</ref>
In September 1996 Cunningham criticized President Clinton for appointing judges who were "soft on crime". "We must get tough on drug dealers," he said, adding that "those who peddle destruction on our children must pay dearly".<ref>{{cite news |last=Cunningham |first=Randy "Duke" |date=September 24, 1996 |url=http://dukecunningham.org/bibliography/drugs.html#19960924 |title=A call to arms against youth drug abuse |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |oclc=55506628 |pages=B–6–7 |access-date=May 7, 2006}}</ref> He favored stiff [[drug laws|drug penalties]]<ref name="rollingstone"/> and voted for the [[death penalty]] for major [[drug dealer]]s.<ref name="dcorgson"/>

Four months later, his son Todd was arrested for helping to transport {{convert|400|lb|kg}} of [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] from [[Texas]] to [[Indiana]]. Todd Cunningham pleaded guilty to possession and conspiracy to sell marijuana.<ref>{{cite news| title=In disgrace, but not all alone| last=Powell| first=Ronald W.| newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]]| oclc=55506628| url=http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060220/news_1m20dukehelp.html| date=February 20, 2006| access-date=September 30, 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134516/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060220/news_1m20dukehelp.html| archive-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> At his son's sentencing hearing, Cunningham fought back tears as he begged the judge for leniency (Todd was sentenced to two and a half years in prison, in part because he tested positive for [[cocaine]] three times while on [[bail]]). After the sentencing, Cunningham was seen leaving the courthouse crying.<ref name="dcorgson">{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Murphy |url=http://dukecunningham.org/bibliography/drugs.html#19981118 |title=Randall Cunningham gets 2 1/2 years for smuggling marijuana |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]]| oclc=55506628 |pages=B–1, B–10 |date=November 18, 1998 |access-date=September 30, 2014}}</ref> Cunningham's [[press secretary]] responded to accusations of [[double standards]] with: "The sentence Todd got had nothing to do with who Duke is. Duke has always been tough on drugs and remains tough on drugs."<ref name="rollingstone">{{cite magazine|last=Schlosser |first=Eric |title=The Politics Of Pot: A Government In Denial |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |oclc=1787396 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17537507/the_politics_of_pot_a_government_in_denial |date=December 5, 2007 |access-date=August 16, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725164556/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/17537507/the_politics_of_pot_a_government_in_denial |archive-date=July 25, 2008 }}</ref>

===Legislative achievements===
Cunningham was the lead sponsor of the [[Shark Finning Prohibition Act]], which banned the practice of [[shark fin soup|shark finning]] in all US waters, and pushed America to the lead on efforts to ban shark finning worldwide. For his efforts Cunningham was named as a "Conservation Hero" by the [[Audubon Society]] and the Ocean Wildlife Campaign. Cunningham also unsuccessfully advocated for the [[death penalty]] for all those convicted of [[shark finning]].

Cunningham co-sponsored, along with Democrat [[John Murtha]], the so-called "[[Flag Desecration Amendment]]", which would add the following sentence to the [[United States Constitution|Constitution of the United States]]:

<blockquote>The Congress shall have power to prohibit the [[flag desecration|physical desecration]] of the [[Flag of the United States]].</blockquote>

The proposed amendment has passed the House many times, but narrowly missed the requisite 2/3 majority vote for passage in the Senate. Cunningham also advocated for the [[death penalty]] for all those convicted of [[flag desecration]].

Cunningham was the driving force behind the [[Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act]] which was passed and signed into law by President [[George W. Bush]] in July 2004. The law grants the authority to non-federal [[law enforcement]] officers from any jurisdiction to carry a [[firearm]] anywhere within the jurisdiction of the United States.

Cunningham supported reinstitution of the [[Selective Service]] [[Conscription in the United States|draft]].

==Scandals and corruption==
[[File:Duke bribe menu.jpg|right|framed|Scan of a document submitted as evidence by the prosecution and included in their February 2006 sentencing memorandum against Cunningham, penned by his own hand on his own Congressional office stationery for the benefit of "co-conspirator#2" (defense contractor [[Mitchell Wade]]). The left column lists millions of dollars of government contracts; the right column lists the thousands of dollars in bribes required to secure them. The figures in the right column are increases; e.g. $50,000 in bribes would mean the difference between $18 million and $19 million of awarded contracts.

"BT" is an abbreviation for "Buoy Toy" – a 42-foot Carver yacht that was financed by Wade in exchange for $16 million in contracts. Cunningham renamed it the "Duke-stir".]]

===Allegations===
In June 2005, a story appeared in the ''[[San Diego Union Tribune]]'' by [[Marcus Stern (journalist)|Marcus Stern]] and Jerry Kammer, who later received a [[Pulitzer Prize]] for their reporting. The story revealed that a [[defense contractor]], [[Mitchell Wade]], founder of the defense contracting firm MZM Inc. (since renamed [[Athena Innovative Solutions Inc.]] and later acquired by [[CACI]]), bought Cunningham's house in Del Mar in 2003 for $1,675,000. A month later, Wade placed it back on the market where it remained unsold for eight months until the price was reduced to $975,000. Cunningham was a member of the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee at the time.  Soon after the purchase, Wade's company began to receive tens of millions of dollars worth of defense and intelligence contracts. Cunningham claimed the deal was legitimate, adding, "I feel very confident that I haven't done anything wrong."<ref>{{cite news |first=Marcus |last=Stern |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |oclc=55506628 |url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/20050612-9999-1n12windfall.html |title=Lawmaker's home sale questioned |date=June 12, 2005 |page=A-1 |access-date=September 30, 2014}}</ref>

Later in June, it was further reported that Cunningham lived rent-free on a [[yacht]] named the "Duke Stir" while he was in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]. The yacht was owned by Wade; Cunningham paid only for maintenance.<ref>{{cite news|first=William Finn |last=Bennett |newspaper=[[North County Times]] |oclc=34056580 |url=http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_28fa2fe2-613a-55cb-853b-80b59cc5f571.html |title=Yacht 'Duke Stir' owned by defense contractor docked at Cunningham's slip |date=June 16, 2005 |access-date=June 16, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211200540/http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_28fa2fe2-613a-55cb-853b-80b59cc5f571.html |archive-date=December 11, 2009 }}</ref> An article in ''The San Diego Union Tribune'' reported that Cunningham liked to invite women to his yacht. Two of them said that he would change into pajama bottoms and a turtleneck sweater to entertain them with chilled [[champagne]] by the light of a [[lava lamp]].<ref name=UT_troops>{{cite news |first=George E. |last=Condon Jr. |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |oclc=55506628 |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20051201-9999-1n1assess.html |title=Congressman's betrayal of troops called greatest sin |date=December 1, 2005 |page=A-21 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215123754/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/20051201-9999-1n1assess.html |archive-date=February 15, 2009 }}</ref>

The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] launched an investigation regarding the real estate transaction. Cunningham's home, MZM corporate offices, and Wade's home were all simultaneously raided by several federal agencies with warrants on July 1, 2005.<ref>{{cite news|first=Mark |last=Walker |newspaper=North County Times |oclc=34056580 |url=http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_4d9e1138-f322-5a37-a2de-61a82cf17b5c.html |title=Feds raid Cunningham home, MZM offices and boat |date=July 1, 2005 |access-date=July 5, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919195020/http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_4d9e1138-f322-5a37-a2de-61a82cf17b5c.html |archive-date=September 19, 2010 }}</ref>

On July 14, 2005, Cunningham announced he would not run for a ninth term in 2006, saying that while he believed he would be cleared of any wrongdoing, he could not defend himself and run for re-election at the same time. He admitted to displaying "poor judgment" when he sold his house to Wade.<ref>{{cite news |first=William Finn |last=Bennett |newspaper=North County Times |oclc=34056580 |url=http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_cb8c2fb5-1be5-5a5c-8a0a-bfa088d4071d.html |title=Cunningham says he will step down at end of term |date=July 14, 2005 |access-date=April 27, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903214607/http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_cb8c2fb5-1be5-5a5c-8a0a-bfa088d4071d.html |archive-date=September 3, 2012 }}</ref>

Besides Wade, the three other co-conspirators were: [[Brent R. Wilkes]], founder of San Diego–based ADCS Inc.; [[New York City|New York]] businessman Thomas Kontogiannis; and John T. Michael, Kontogiannis' nephew and the owner of a New York–based mortgage company, Coastal Capital Corp. Property records show the company made $1.15 million in real estate loans to Cunningham, two of which were used in the purchase of his [[Rancho Santa Fe]] mansion. Court records show that Wade paid off one of those loans.<ref>{{cite news |first=William Finn |last=Bennett |newspaper=North County Times |oclc=34056580 |url=http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_443132a5-811c-5008-9880-cb6fa3b6fa01.html |title=What's next in Cunningham bribery saga? |date=March 6, 2006 |access-date=March 7, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906040414/http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_443132a5-811c-5008-9880-cb6fa3b6fa01.html |archive-date=September 6, 2012 }}</ref>

In 1997, Cunningham had pushed [[the Pentagon]] into buying a $20 million document-digitization system created by ADCS Inc., one of several defense companies owned by Wilkes. The Pentagon did not want to buy the system. When it had not done so three years later, Cunningham angrily demanded the firing of Lou Kratz, an assistant undersecretary of defense Cunningham held responsible for the delays.<ref name=LAT_fall/> It later emerged that Wilkes reportedly gave Cunningham more than $630,000 in cash and favors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Calbreath |first1=Dean |last2=Kammer |first2=Jerry |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |oclc=55506628 |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051204/news_1n4adcs.html |title=Contractor 'knew how to grease the wheels' |date=December 4, 2005 |page=A-1 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006142542/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051204/news_1n4adcs.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 }}</ref>

Cunningham was also criticized for selling merchandise on his personal website,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topguninc.com/as/store/commerce.cgi |title=Cunningham's personal website |access-date=March 24, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010053734/http://www.topguninc.com/as/store/commerce.cgi |archive-date=October 10, 2004 }}</ref> such as a $595 [[Buck knife]] featuring the official [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Congress.svg Congressional seal].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topguninc.com/as/store/commerce.cgi?page=knife.shtml |title=Buck knife offer on Cunningham's website |access-date=March 24, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105005940/http://www.topguninc.com/as/store/commerce.cgi?page=knife.shtml |archive-date=November 5, 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Mark |newspaper=North County Times |oclc=34056580 |url=http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_9a43dfed-21e0-5404-88e3-738524f7580f.html |title=Use of congressional seal on knife questioned |date=June 29, 2005 |access-date=April 23, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120905150437/http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_9a43dfed-21e0-5404-88e3-738524f7580f.html |archive-date=September 5, 2012 }}</ref> He failed to obtain permission to use the seal, which is a [[federal offense]].<ref>{{UnitedStatesCode2|18|713e|Use of likenesses of the [[Great Seal of the United States]], the seals of the President and Vice President, the [[Seal of the United States Senate]], the seal of the United States House of Representatives, and the seal of the United States Congress}}</ref>

On April 27, 2006, months after his guilty plea, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that, in addition to all the favors, gifts and money Cunningham received from defense contractors who wanted his help in obtaining contracts, Cunningham may have been provided with [[prostitute]]s, [[narcotics]], hotel rooms, [[limousine]]s, and other amenities.<ref>{{cite news |first=Scot J. |last=Patrow |page=A-6 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |oclc=4299067 |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB114610728002837324 |title=Prosecutors May Widen Congressional-Bribe Case; Cunningham Is Suspected Of Asking for Prostitutes; Were Others Involved? |date=April 27, 2006 |access-date=May 1, 2006}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

===Plea agreement===
{{Infobox criminal
|name   = Duke Cunningham
|charge = [[Conspiracy (crime)|Conspiracy]] to commit bribery, [[mail fraud]], [[wire fraud]] and [[tax evasion]]
|conviction_penalty        = 100 months (8 years, 4 months) imprisonment
|conviction_status         = Released, later conditionally pardoned
|occupation     = [[Politician]], former [[Congressman]]
}}
On November 28, 2005, Cunningham pleaded guilty to [[tax evasion]], [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to commit [[bribery]], [[mail fraud]] and [[wire fraud]] in [[United States District Court for the Southern District of California|federal court in San Diego]]. The investigation which led to the conviction of Congressman Cunningham was led by a team of [[Marcus Stern (journalist)|Marcus Stern]], [[Jerry Kammer]], and [[Dean Calbreath]]. Among the many bribes Cunningham admitted receiving was the sale of his home in Del Mar at an inflated price, the free use of the yacht "Duke Stir," a used [[Rolls-Royce car|Rolls-Royce]], [[antique furniture]], [[Persian rug]]s, [[jewelry]], and a $2,000 contribution for his daughter's college graduation party.<ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |url=http://www.dukecunningham.org/bibliography/plea-agreement.html |title=Plea Agreement by Cunningham and the U.S. Attorney |access-date=December 5, 2005}}</ref> Cunningham's attorney, Mark Holscher, later said that the government's evidence was so overwhelming that he had no choice but to recommend a guilty [[plea]].<ref name=UT_deal>{{cite news |first=Onell R. |last=Soto |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |oclc=55506628 |url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/20051130-9999-1n30duke.html |title='Overwhelming case' forced Cunningham to accept deal |date=November 30, 2005 |page=A-1 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-date=October 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003221120/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/20051130-9999-1n30duke.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> With the [[plea bargain]], Cunningham faced a maximum of 10 years; had he fought the charges, Cunningham risked [[life imprisonment|spending the rest of his life in prison]].

As part of his guilty plea, Cunningham agreed to forfeit his $2.55 million home in Rancho Santa Fe, which he bought with the proceeds of the sale of the Del Mar house. Cunningham initially tried to sell the Rancho Santa Fe house, but federal prosecutors moved to block the sale after finding evidence it was purchased with Wade's money. (Wade, with others, even paid off the balance Cunningham owed on the mortgage.) Cunningham  also forfeited more than $1.8 million in cash, antiques, rugs, and other items.

Also as part of the plea agreement, Cunningham agreed to help the government in its prosecution of others involved in the defense contractor bribery scandal.

===Resignation===
Cunningham announced that he would resign from the House at a [[press conference]] just after entering his plea. He read a prepared statement announcing that he was stepping down:

<blockquote>When I announced several months ago that I would not seek re-election, I publicly declared my innocence because I was not strong enough to face the truth. So, I misled my family, staff, friends, colleagues, the public—even myself. For all of this, I am deeply sorry. The truth is—I broke the law, concealed my conduct, and disgraced my high office. I know that I will forfeit my freedom, my reputation, my worldly possessions, and most importantly, the trust of my friends and family... In my life, I have known great joy and great sorrow. And now I know great shame. I learned in Viet Nam that the true measure of a man is how he responds to adversity. I cannot undo what I have done. But I can atone. I am now almost 65 years old and, as I enter the twilight of my life, I intend to use the remaining time that God grants me to make amends.<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=[[O'Melveny & Myers]] |date=November 28, 2005 |url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/images/051128cunningham_resign.pdf |title=Statement by Cunningham |access-date=2014-09-30 |archive-date=October 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030051305/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/images/051128cunningham_resign.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>

Cunningham submitted his official resignation letter to the [[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives|Clerk of the House]] and to [[Governor of California|Californian Governor]] [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] on December 6, 2005.<ref>{{cite news |first=Joe |last=Cantlupe |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |oclc=55506628 |url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/20051206-1009-ca-congressman-bribery.html |title=Cunningham resignation formally submitted to House |date=December 6, 2005 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-date=October 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003221125/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/20051206-1009-ca-congressman-bribery.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Sentencing and prison===
[[File:USP Tucson.jpg|thumb|[[United States Penitentiary, Tucson]], where Cunningham was located]]
On March 3, 2006, U.S. District Judge [[Larry Alan Burns|Larry A. Burns]] sentenced Cunningham to eight years and four months in prison.<ref name="sentence"/> Federal prosecutors pushed for the maximum sentence of ten years, but Cunningham's defense lawyers argued that at 64 years old and with [[prostate cancer]], Cunningham would likely die in prison if he received the full sentence.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Walker |newspaper=North County Times |oclc=34056580 |title=Feds seek 10-year prison term for Cunningham |date=February 18, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Walker |newspaper=North County Times |oclc=34056580 |title=Defense: 'Duke' may die in prison |date=February 18, 2006}}</ref> Judge Burns cited his military service in Vietnam, age and health as the reason the full ten years was not imposed. Prosecutors announced that they were satisfied with the sentence, which was the longest jail term ever given to a former Congressman.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/LAW/03/03/cunningham.sentenced/index.html |title=Crooked congressman going to prison |date=March 3, 2006|access-date=March 3, 2006}}</ref>

On the day of sentencing, Cunningham was {{cvt|90|lb|kg}} lighter than when allegations first surfaced 9 months earlier. After receiving his sentence, Cunningham made a request to see his 91-year-old mother one last time before going to prison. "I made a very wrong turn. I rationalized decisions I knew were wrong. I did that, sir," Cunningham said. The request was denied, and Burns remanded him immediately upon rendering the sentence.<ref>{{cite news |first=Seth |last=Hettena |agency=Associated Press |title=Former Congressman Gets Eight-Plus Years |date=March 3, 2006}}</ref> Cunningham was incarcerated in the [[minimum security]] satellite camp at the [[United States Penitentiary, Tucson|U.S. Penitentiary at Tucson, Arizona]]<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/05/AR2007010501858.html |title=Cunningham Moving to Arizona Prison |date=January 5, 2007 |access-date=January 27, 2008}}</ref>  with a scheduled release date of June 4, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inmate Locator: Randall Harold Cunningham |url=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&LastName=Cunningham&Middle=Harold&FirstName=Randall&Race=&Sex=&Age=&x=0&y=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629172249/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&LastName=Cunningham&Middle=Harold&FirstName=Randall&Race=&Sex=&Age=&x=0&y=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Prisons]] |access-date=August 15, 2010}}</ref> He spent his time at the prison teaching fellow inmates to obtain their [[General Educational Development|GED]],<ref name="CityBeat-20100811-tucson">{{cite news |newspaper=[[San Diego CityBeat]] |url=http://www.sdcitybeat.com/sandiego/article-8024-from-tucson-with-love.html |title=From Tucson With Love: Checking in with Duke Cunningham halfway through his federal prison sentence |date=August 11, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814150933/http://www.sdcitybeat.com/sandiego/article-8024-from-tucson-with-love.html |archive-date=August 14, 2010 }}</ref> as well as advocating for prison reform.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2010/aug/11/duke-cunningham-talking-about-prison-reform/ |title=City Beat: Duke Cunningham becomes an educator behind bars |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |date=August 11, 2010 |access-date=September 30, 2014}}</ref>

Despite his guilty plea, Cunningham received [[pension]]s for his 21 years of U.S. Navy service and almost 15 years in Congress.  However, prosecutors were successful in garnishing them for [[back taxes]] and penalties.<ref name=Sprung/>  In June 2010, Cunningham submitted a handwritten three-page letter to sentencing Judge Larry Burns, complaining that the [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] was 'killing' him by seizing all his remaining savings and his Congressional and Navy pensions, penalties he feels were not warranted under his plea agreement. Burns wrote back in August 2010, stating that the agency was collecting back taxes, interest and penalties on the bribes Cunningham received in 2003 and 2004; thus, there was no action for Burns to take.<ref>{{cite web |first=Rachel|last=Slajda|url=http://tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/09/duke_cunningham_to_judge_you_and_the_irs_have_kill.php?ref=fpb |title=Duke Cunningham To Judge: You And The IRS 'Have Killed Me' |publisher=Tpmmuckraker.talkingpointsmemo.com |date=September 8, 2010 |access-date=July 5, 2012}}</ref>

In April 2011, Cunningham sent a ten-page typewritten document pleading his case to ''[[USA Today]]'', the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', [[Talking Points Memo]] and ''[[San Diego CityBeat]]''. He titled the document "The Untold Story of Duke Cunningham".<ref name="sdut2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2011/apr/07/duke-cunningham-pleads-case-prison/ |title=Duke Cunningham pleads case from prison |last=Moran |first=Greg |date=April 7, 2011 |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |access-date=August 16, 2011}}</ref> In the document, Cunningham says that because Judge  Burns has declared his case closed, he was now offering to speak to the media, which had "inundated" him with inquiries since 2004. According to ''CityBeat'', in the statement, Cunningham claimed that he was "doped up on sedatives" and made his plea knowing that it was "90 to 95% untrue".<ref name="sdcb2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.sdcitybeat.com/sandiego/blog-277-letter-the-untold-story-of-duke-cunningham.html |title=The Untold Story of Duke Cunningham |last=Maass |first=Dave |date=April 6, 2011 |newspaper=[[San Diego CityBeat]] |access-date=August 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830154259/http://www.sdcitybeat.com/sandiego/blog-277-letter-the-untold-story-of-duke-cunningham.html |archive-date=August 30, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="SDCBPDF">{{cite news |url=http://www.sdcitybeat.com/sandiego/file-14-.PDF |title=Untold Story of Duke Cunningham PDF |last=Cunningham |first=Randy "Duke" |date=March 2011 |newspaper=[[San Diego CityBeat]] |access-date=August 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918120826/http://www.sdcitybeat.com/sandiego/file-14-.PDF |archive-date=September 18, 2012 }}</ref>

===Release from prison===
[[File:2021-01-13 Trump pardon for Randall Harold Cunningham aka Randy Duke Cunningham=cunningham randy duke pardon 1.13.2021 0.pdf|thumb|right|upright|Cunningham's conditional pardon]]
Cunningham was released to a [[halfway house]] in [[New Orleans]]<ref name=Sprung>{{cite news |first=Gene |last=Cubbison |title=Former U.S. Rep. "Duke" Cunningham Sprung from Lockup in Bribery Schemes |url=http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/Former-US-Rep-Duke-Cunningham-Sprung-from-Lockup-in-Bribery-Schemes-210187901.html |publisher=NBC News San Diego |access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref> in February 2013. On June 4, 2013, he was completely released from confinement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duke Cunningham Completes Prison Sentence |url=http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/Duke-Cunningham-Completes-Prison-Sentence-210121401.html |publisher=NBC San Diego |access-date=June 5, 2013}}</ref>

Cunningham told a federal judge that he planned to live in Arkansas and that he would live on $1,700 a month.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Associated Press |date=2013-06-04 |title=Former California Rep. Randy Cunningham finishes prison term |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/today/2013/06/former_california_rep_randy_cu.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=oregonlive |language=en}}</ref> In his letter, Cunningham pleaded for a gun permit, saying he longed to hunt in Arkansas. The judge denied the request as being beyond the scope of his authority, citing the law that limits gun permits for convicted criminals: a law that Cunningham voted for while in Congress.<ref>AP article June 4, 2013 by Elliot Spagat</ref> Cunningham received a pardon from President [[Donald Trump]] on January 13, 2021, conditioned on his payment of penalties of restitution and forfeiture totaling $3,655,539.50.<ref name="whitehouse-pardon" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Helderman |first1=Rosalind S. |last2=Dawsey |first2=Josh |last3=Reinhard |first3=Beth |title=Trump grants clemency to 143 people in late-night pardon blast |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pardons/2021/01/20/7653bd12-59a2-11eb-8bcf-3877871c819d_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=February 8, 2021 |date=January 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Executive Grant of Clemency: Randall Harold Cunningham | url=https://www.justice.gov/pardon/file/1117786/dl | access-date=2024-06-27 | website = US Department of Justice}}</ref>

===Reactions to the scandal===
[[Darrell Issa]], a Republican who represented the neighboring [[California's 49th congressional district|49th District]], said after Cunningham's plea that he had been waiting for Cunningham to explain his behavior "in a way that made sense to us" and that Cunningham's behavior "fell below the standard the public demands of its elected representatives".<ref>{{cite press release|title=Rep. Issa Statement On Cunningham Guilty Plea |publisher=Office of Congressman Darrell Issa |date=November 28, 2005 |url=http://issa.house.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=News.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=3aa01940-8460-42e3-9a0c-63bbeb4125d9&Region_id=&Issue_id= |access-date=February 19, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625215643/http://issa.house.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=News.PressReleases |archive-date=June 25, 2008 }}</ref>

[[Francine Busby]], Cunningham's Democratic challenger in 2004 and the Democratic candidate for the 50th District in the runoff election to fill Cunningham's vacancy, called November 28 "a sad day for the people" and called for support for her proposed ethics reform bill, the "Clean House Act", saying that "our government in Washington is broken."<ref>{{cite press release| title=Francine Busby calls Cunningham Resignation "Sad day for the people"| publisher=Francine Busby for Congress| date=November 28, 2005}}</ref>

In an editorial on November 29, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the Cunningham affair "the most brazen bribery conspiracy in modern congressional history".<ref>{{cite news |author=Editorial |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/28/AR2005112801678.html |title=Brazen Conspiracy |date=November 29, 2005 |page=A-20 |access-date=November 30, 2005}}</ref> Later that day, President [[George W. Bush]] called Cunningham's actions "outrageous" at a press briefing in [[El Paso, Texas]]. He also said that Cunningham should "pay a serious price" for his crimes.<ref name=UT_deal/> [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|House Speaker]] [[Dennis Hastert]] said in a December 6 statement that Cunningham was a "war hero"; but that he broke "the public trust he has built through his military and congressional career".<ref>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Walker |newspaper=North County Times |oclc=34056580 |url=http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_4978d861-8337-53f2-9789-25a5ebfb0441.html |title=House speaker says Cunningham faces 'serious consequences' |date=December 6, 2005 |access-date=February 19, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120903184859/http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_4978d861-8337-53f2-9789-25a5ebfb0441.html |archive-date=September 3, 2012 }}</ref>

On February 9, 2006, Senator [[John Kerry]] introduced a bill, the "Federal Pension Forfeiture Act" (nicknamed the "Duke Cunningham Act"), to prevent lawmakers who have been convicted of official misconduct from collecting taxpayer-funded pensions.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rick |last=Klein |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |oclc=1536853 |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2006/02/09/kerry_bill_to_target_legislators_convicted_of_misconduct/ |title=Kerry bill to target legislators convicted of misconduct |date=February 9, 2006 |page=A-8 |access-date=February 9, 2006}}</ref>  The bill died in committee, by unanimous vote.

===Aftermath===
* Almost as soon as Cunningham pleaded guilty, Intelligence Committee chairman [[Pete Hoekstra]] of [[Michigan]] announced his panel would investigate whether Cunningham used his post on that committee to steer contracts to favored companies. Hoekstra said that Cunningham "no longer gets the benefit of the doubt" due to his admission to "very, very serious" crimes.<ref>{{cite news |first=Greg |last=Miller |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |oclc=3638237 |title=House Intelligence Panel to Probe Cunningham |date=November 30, 2005}}</ref>
* On January 6, 2006 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' reported that Cunningham cooperated with law enforcement by wearing a [[covert listening device|concealed recording device]] (a "wire") while meeting with associates prior to his guilty plea. It is not known whom he met with while wired, but there was speculation Cunningham's misdeeds were not isolated instances and his case would reveal a larger web of corruption.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Timothy J. |last=Burger |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |oclc=1767509|url=http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1146700,00.html |title=Disgraced Congressman 'Wore a Wire' |date=January 6, 2006 |access-date=September 30, 2014}}</ref>
* In February 2006 [[Mitchell Wade]] pleaded guilty to paying Cunningham more than $1 million in bribes in exchange for millions more in government contracts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Finlay |last2=Kammer |first2=Jerry |last3=Cantlupe |first3=Joe |url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/20060225-9999-1n25plea.html |title=Contractor admits bribing Cunningham |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |oclc=55506628 |date=February 25, 2006 |page=A-1 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-date=February 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212202026/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/20060225-9999-1n25plea.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In March 2006, it was revealed that [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] officials opened an investigation into the CIA's No.&nbsp;3 official, [[Kyle Foggo]], and his relationship with Wilkes, "one of his closest friends", according to the article. Foggo said that all of the contracts he oversaw were properly awarded and administered.<ref>{{cite news |first=William Finn |last=Bennett |newspaper=North County Times |url=http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_443132a5-811c-5008-9880-cb6fa3b6fa01.html |title=What's next in Cunningham bribery saga? |date=March 6, 2006 |access-date=March 7, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906040414/http://www.nctimes.com/news/local/article_443132a5-811c-5008-9880-cb6fa3b6fa01.html |archive-date=September 6, 2012 }}</ref>  On May 12, [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] officials raided the [[Vienna, Virginia]], home of Foggo in connection with the scandal.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Mark|last1=Mazzetti|author-link=Mark Mazzetti |first2=David |last2=Johnston |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/13/washington/13foggo.html |title=C.I.A. Aide's House and Office Searched |newspaper=The New York Times |oclc=1645522 |date=May 13, 2006 |page=A-10 |access-date=September 30, 2014}}</ref>  In February 2007, Foggo was charged with fraud and other offenses in the Cunningham corruption investigation. The indictment also named Wilkes and John T. Michael.
* In November 2010, Wilkes' lawyers filed documents in court in a bid to gain a re-trial that included statements from Cunningham saying "Wilkes never bribed me."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2010/nov/10/cunningham-says-he-didnt-take-bribes-defense-contr/ |title=Cunningham says he didn't take bribes from contractor |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |access-date=September 30, 2014}}</ref> Cunningham is quoted as saying any meals, trips or gifts from Wilkes to him were merely gifts between long-time friends, not bribes. Cunningham also stated that he had been coached by prosecutors to avoid responding to questions where his version of the facts differed from the prosecutors' theory. Cunningham also denied having made statements attributed to him by federal agents and prosecutors. Notably he denied having sex with any [[prostitute]] on a trip to Hawaii and explained that at the time he was [[impotent]] due to treatment for [[prostate cancer]].
* A [[California 50th Congressional District Election, 2006|special election]] to fill the vacancy left by Cunningham took place on April 11, 2006, between Democrat Francine Busby and Republican [[Brian Bilbray]]. No candidate obtained the majority necessary to win outright, so a runoff election was held. Bilbray won the runoff, narrowly defeating Busby.<ref>{{cite news |last1=LaVelle |first1=Philip J. |first2=Dani |last2=Dodge |url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/50thdistrict/20060607-0052-7n7duke.html |title=Bilbray edges out Busby |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |oclc=55506628 |date=June 7, 2006 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-date=February 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212223328/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/50thdistrict/20060607-0052-7n7duke.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>  Bilbray beat Busby again in the regular election in November and retained his seat in the House until losing to Democrat [[Scott Peters (politician)|Scott Peters]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Britton |first1=Joe |last2=Thorne |first2=Joyce |url=http://nctimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_8747557b-cf23-52de-9a54-96c7bf6b86aa.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723045124/http://nctimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_8747557b-cf23-52de-9a54-96c7bf6b86aa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 23, 2012 |title=Bilbray defeats Busby |newspaper=North County Times |oclc=34056580 |date=November 8, 2006 |access-date=November 8, 2006 }}</ref>
* On April 17, the staffs of ''[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]]'' and Copley News Service were awarded the 2006 [[Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting]] for their investigative work in uncovering Cunningham's crimes.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=McDonald |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |oclc=55506628 |url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/20060418-9999-1n18pulitzer.html |title=U-T, Copley News win Pulitzer Prize |date=April 18, 2006 |page=A-1 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421072253/http://www.legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/20060418-9999-1n18pulitzer.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Four reporters from the ''Union-Tribune'' and its parent [[Copley News Service]], who had written the stories that launched the Cunningham investigation, published a book called ''The Wrong Stuff: The extraordinary saga of Randy "Duke" Cunningham, the most corrupt congressman ever caught''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10347267 |title=Marcus Stern: On the Trail of Congressional Corruption |date=May 23, 2007 |publisher=WHYY |work=Fresh Air |access-date=October 13, 2013}}</ref><ref name = "wrong">{{cite book|last1=Stern|first1=Marcus|last2=Kammer|first2=Jerry|last3=Calbreath|first3=Dean|author4=Condon, George E. Jr.|title=The Wrong Stuff: The extraordinary saga of Randy "Duke" Cunningham, the most corrupt congressman ever caught|year=2007|publisher=Public Affairs, a member of the Perseus Books Group|isbn=978-1586484798}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Cunningham married Susan Albrecht in 1965; they had met in college. They adopted a son together. Susan Cunningham filed for [[divorce]] and a [[restraining order]] in January 1973, based on her claims of [[emotional abuse]], and the divorce was granted eight months later.<ref name="spotlight">{{cite news |first=Dani |last=Dodge |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060212/news_1n12nancy.html |title=Standing in an unwelcome spotlight |date=February 12, 2006 |page=A-1 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085626/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060212/news_1n12nancy.html |archive-date=October 6, 2014 }}</ref> Cunningham later said that his life hit "rock-bottom" in that year.<ref name="McKinnon">{{cite news |first=Dani |last=Dodge |newspaper=[[U-T San Diego|The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/metro/20060220-9999-1m20produke.html |title=On ranch, old friend again offers shelter from storm |date=February 12, 2006 |page=B-1 |access-date=September 30, 2014 |archive-date=October 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003221522/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/metro/20060220-9999-1m20produke.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1973, he met Dan McKinnon, a publisher and son of former Congressman [[Clinton D. McKinnon]], who encouraged him to turn his life around.<ref name="McKinnon"/><ref name="Fox Two">{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Randy |first2=Jeffrey L. |last2=Ethell |title=Fox Two: The Story of America's First Ace in Vietnam |date=March 1, 1989 |publisher=Warner Books |isbn=0-446-35458-9 |orig-year=1983}}</ref> Cunningham married his second wife, Nancy Jones, in 1974. They had two daughters and separated in July 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2006 |title=Cunningham's Wife Says She Felt Deceived |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-aug-19-me-duke19-story.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[[List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes]]
*[[List of federal political scandals in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Duke Cunningham}}
{{Wikinews|Congressman Cunningham admits taking bribes}}
{{CongLinks|congbio=C000994}}
* {{C-SPAN|17172}}
* [http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/index.html The San Diego Union-Tribune's coverage of the Cunningham scandal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009084241/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/index.html |date=October 9, 2014 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081211035419/http://www.expressnightout.com/content/2007/07/capitol_offense_randy_duke_cunningham.php Washington Post Express interview with the authors of "The Wrong Stuff" about Cunningham and Washington's culture of corruption]
* [http://www.tray.com/cgi-win/x_candpg.exe?DoFn=H0CA45012*2006 PAC donors, Indiv donors, Personal Financial Disclosures, Campaign Disbursements, at PoliticalMoneyLine] {{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
*{{cite web|url=http://topguninc.com/ |title=Cunningham's commerce website, topguninc.com (deactivated June 2005) |access-date=July 9, 2005 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921204603/http://topguninc.com/ |archive-date=September 21, 2004 }} 
* {{cite news |first=Marcus |last=Stern |url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/20050715-9999-1n15woes.html |title=Congressman's career buried by blizzard of questions on actions |newspaper=The San Diego Union-Tribune |date=July 15, 2005 |agency=Copley News Service}}
* {{cite web |first=Barry |last=Jantz |url=http://www.flashreport.org/blog0a.php?postID=2005113013322649&post_offsetP=15&authID=2005110112071864 |title=Duke Cunningham: First and Last Surrender |publisher=FlashReport |date=November 30, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928021118/http://www.flashreport.org/blog0a.php?postID=2005113013322649&post_offsetP=15&authID=2005110112071864 |archive-date=September 28, 2007 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060628234409/http://www.statesman.com/news/content/news/stories/local/01/20delay.html DeLay's prosecutors dig deeper into California]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060509201051/http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Randy_%22Duke%22_Cunningham Profile] at [[SourceWatch]]
* {{Cite web |url=http://cunningham.house.gov/ |title=Official U.S. House website |access-date=February 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525090446/http://cunningham.house.gov/ |archive-date=May 25, 2005 |url-status=dead}}

===Documents===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090325194350/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/images/051128allegations.pdf Prosecutor's allegations against Cunningham]
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dukecunningham.org/bibliography/plea-agreement.html |title=Plea Agreement by Randy "Duke" Cunningham and the U.S. Attorney |date=November 23, 2005}}
* {{cite press release |publisher=[[O'Melveny & Myers]] |date=November 28, 2005 |url=http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/images/051128cunningham_resign.pdf |title=Statement by Randy "Duke" Cunningham |access-date=October 1, 2014 |archive-date=October 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030051305/http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/politics/cunningham/images/051128cunningham_resign.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060524225039/http://www.10news.com/download/2006/0218/7171879.pdf Cunningham's Sentencing Memorandum](February 17, 2006)

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Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sortkey (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
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Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
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