Baker clamp

Baker clamp is a generic name for a class of electronic circuits that reduce the storage time of a switching bipolar junction transistor (BJT) by applying a nonlinear negative feedback through various kinds of diodes. The reason for slow turn-off times of saturated BJTs is the stored charge in the base. It must be removed before the transistor will turn off since the storage time is a limiting factor of using bipolar transistors and IGBTs in fast switching applications. The diode-based Baker clamps prevent the transistor from saturating and thereby accumulating a lot of stored charge.^[1]

The Baker clamp is named for Richard H. Baker, who described it in his 1956 technical report "Maximum Efficiency Switching Circuits."^[2] Many sources credit Baker's report for the two-transistor clamp circuit.^[3][4][5] Also in 1956, Baker described the circuit in a patent application; the 1961 issued patent, US 3,010,031,^[6] claims the use of the clamp in symmetrical flip-flop circuits. Similar clamp circuits are said to have been known before Baker's report.^[7]

The Baker clamp introduces a nonlinear negative feedback into a common-emitter stage (BJT switch), with the purpose to avoid saturation by decreasing the gain near the saturation point. While the transistor is in active mode and it is far away enough from the saturation point, the negative feedback is turned off and the gain is maximal; when the transistor approaches the saturation point, the negative feedback gradually turns on, and the gain quickly drops. To decrease the gain, the transistor acts as a shunt regulator with regard to its own base–emitter junction: it diverts a part of the base current to ground by connecting a voltage-stable element in parallel to the base–emitter junction.

The two-diode Baker clamp circuit is shown in the figure from Baker's patent and in many other publications.^[8] The feedback diode between the collector and the input limits the collector voltage to approximately V_BE by diverting the excessive input current through the collector to ground.^[9] An additional silicon diode is connected in series with the base terminal to raise the effective input voltage; the clamp diode in the collector–base feedback is sometimes made from germanium to minimize the voltage drop across it.^[6] The base diode allows a Si diode clamp to be used with a Si transistor and keeps V_CE around a diode drop and much greater than V_CE(sat). Unfortunately, it turns off and creates a high-impedance return path when trying to turn the transistor off. Although the base charge has been minimized, it is now more difficult to draw charge out of the base.

A second base diode connected antiparallel to the base diode (D₂ in Baker's schematic) will provide a low-impedance return path for removing stored base charge in the transistor. This three-diode circuit is still referred to as a Baker clamp by some sources,^[10] while others only call the two-diode circuit a Baker clamp.^[11]

A simple alternative to the Baker clamp is a single low-voltage diode from the collector to the base. To work well, the forward drop of the diode must be less than the base–emitter drop, so low-voltage-drop germanium and Schottky diodes can be used with silicon transistors (the forward voltage drop of a Schottky diode is much less than the V_BE bias voltage of a silicon transistor and it switches rapidly). An alternative diode clamp circuit connects the diode to a junction of two base-bias resistors.^[8] The contemporary solution is to integrate the combination of a Schottky diode and transistor into one Schottky transistor. Some sources also refer to this configuration as a Baker clamp.^[12]

One drawback of the Baker clamp is its increased low voltage-output level (as in a Darlington transistor). In logic circuits, it decreases the noise immunity; in power applications, it increases the dissipated power.

• Diode–transistor logic