Baduspanids

Baduspanids بادوسپانیان
665–1598
The Baduspanids in 1346, during the reign of Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar (r. 1333–1360)
Common languages	Persian Caspian languages
Religion	Zoroastrianism (665-9th-century) Islam (9th-century-1598)
Government	Monarchy
Ispahbadh Ustandar Malik
• 665–694	Baduspan I (first)
• 1590–1598	Jahangir IV (last)
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Established	665
• Safavid conquest	1598
Preceded by Succeeded by Dabuyid dynasty Safavid Iran

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History of Iran
Prehistoric period BCE / BC Baradostian culture c. 36,000–18,000 Zarzian culture c. 20,000–10,000 Shulaveri–Shomu culture c. 6000–5000 Zayandeh River Culture c. 6th millennium Dalma culture c. 5th millennium
Ancient period Kura–Araxes culture 3400–2000 Helmand culture/Jiroft culture c. 3300–2200 Proto-Elamite 3200–2700 Lullubi Kingdom/Zamua c. 3100-675 Elam 2700–539 Marhaši c. 2550-2020 Oxus Civilization c. 2400–1700 Akkadian Empire 2400–2150 Kassites c. 1500–1155 Avestan period c. 1500–500 Neo-Assyrian Empire 911–609 Urartu 860–590 Mannaea 850–616 Zikirti 750-521 Saparda 720-670
Imperial period Median Empire 678–550 BC Scythian Kingdom 652–625 BC Anshanite Kingdom 635 BC–550 BC Neo-Babylonian Empire 626 BC–539 BC Sogdia c. 6th century BC–11th century AD Achaemenid Empire 550 BC–330 BC Kingdom of Armenia 331 BC–428 AD Atropatene c. 323 BC–226 AD Kingdom of Cappadocia 320s BC–17 AD Seleucid Empire 312 BC–63 BC Kingdom of Pontus 281 BC–62 BC Fratarakas 3rd-century BC–132 BC Parthian Empire 247 BC–224 AD Elymais 147 BC–224 AD Characene 141 BC–222 AD Kings of Persis 132 BC–224 AD Indo-Parthian Kingdom 19 AD–224/5 Paratarajas 125–300 Sasanian Empire 224–651 Zarmihrids 6th century–785 Qarinvandids 550s–11th century
Medieval period CE / AD Rashidun Caliphate 632-661 Umayyad Caliphate 661–750 Abbasid Caliphate 750–1258 Dabuyids 642–760 Bavandids 651–1349 Masmughans of Damavand 651–760 Baduspanids 665–1598 Justanids 791 – 11th century Alid dynasties 864 – 14th century Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Samanid Empire 819–999 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Ghurid dynasty pre-879 – 1215 Sajid dynasty 889–929 Sallarid dynasty 919–1062 Ziyarid dynasty 930–1090 Ilyasids 932–968 Buyid dynasty 934–1062 Rawadid dynasty 955–1070 Hasanwayhids 959–1095 Ghaznavid dynasty 977–1186 Annazids 990/1–1117 Kakuyids 1008–1141 Nasrid dynasty 1029–1236 Shabankara 1030–1355 Seljuk Empire 1037–1194 Khwarazmian dynasty 1077–1231 Eldiguzids 1135–1225 Atabegs of Yazd 1141–1319 Salghurids 1148–1282 Hazaraspids 1155–1424 Pishkinid dynasty 1155–1231 Khorshidi dynasty 1184-1597 Qutlugh-Khanids 1223-1306 Mihrabanids 1236–1537 Kurt dynasty 1244–1396 Ilkhanate Empire 1256–1335 Chobanid dynasty 1335–1357 Muzaffarid dynasty 1335–1393 Jalayirid Sultanate 1337–1376 Sarbadars 1337–1376 Injuids 1335–1357 Afrasiyab dynasty 1349–1504 Mar'ashis 1359–1596 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Kar-Kiya dynasty 1370s–1592 Qara Qoyunlu 1406–1468 Aq Qoyunlu 1468–1508
Early modern period Safavid Iran 1501–1736 (Hotak dynasty) 1722–1729 Afsharid Iran 1736–1796 Zand dynasty 1751–1794
Modern period Qajar Iran 1789–1925 Pahlavi Iran 1925–1979
Contemporary period Iranian Revolution 1979 Interim Government 1979 Islamic Republic 1979–present
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The Baduspanids or Badusbanids (Persian: بادوسپانیان, romanized: Bâduspâniân), were a local Iranian dynasty of Tabaristan which ruled over Ruyan/Rustamdar. The dynasty was established in 665, and with 933 years of rule as the longest dynasty in Iran, it ended in 1598 when the Safavids invaded and conquered their domains.^[1][2]

During the Arab invasion of Iran, the last Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651) reportedly granted control over Tabaristan to the Dabuyid ruler Gil Gavbara, who was a great-grandson of shahanshah Jamasp (r. 496–498/9).^[2][3][4] Gil Gavbara's son Baduspan I was granted control over Ruyan in 665, thus forming the Baduspanid dynasty, which would rule the region until the 1590s.^[2] Another son, Dabuya succeeded their father the former as the head of the Dabuyid family, ruling the rest of Tabaristan.^[5][2]

The last Dabuyid ruler Khurshid managed to safeguard his realm against the Umayyad Caliphate, but after its replacement by the Abbasid Caliphate, he was finally defeated in 760.^[6] Tabaristan was subsequently made a regular province of the caliphate, ruled from Amul by an Arab governor, although the local dynasties of the Bavandids, Qarinvandids, the Zarmihrids and Baduspanids, formerly subject to the Dabuyids, continued to control the mountainous interior as tributary vassals of the Abbasid government.^[7][8][9] These rulers were largely if not completely autonomous.^[9] Due to the regional prominence of the Baduspanids, Ruyan became known as Rustamdar in the Mongol era, a deformed form of their regnal title, ustandar, which they had used since the rule of Shahriyar III ibn Jamshid (r. 937–949).^[2][10]

The Baduspanids were briefly deposed from power by the Mar'ashis, who ruled Rustamdar from 1381 till 1390, when they decided to install Baduspanid prince Sa'd al-Dawla Tus on the throne in Rustamdar to challenge the Afrasiyabid prince Iskandar-i Shaykhi who accompanied the Turco-Mongol ruler Timur (r. 1370–1405), who intended to conquer Mazandaran. However, Tus secretly corresponded with Iskandar-i Shaykhi, and eventually joined the forces of Timur in 1392. The following year (1393), Timur dislodged the Mar'ashis and conquered Mazandaran.^[11] In 1399/1400, he deprived the Baduspanids of most of their holdings by sending his troops to administer most of Rustamdar. The holdings of the new Baduspanid ruler Kayumarth I were now restricted to that of the castle of Nur.^[1][12] However, in 1405, he restored his rule in Rustamdar.^[1] He died in 1453. After his death, a dynastic struggle followed, which resulted in his kingdom being split up by his sons Iskandar IV and Ka'us II, in Kojur and Nur respectively.^[1] The Baduspanid dynasty was never to be united again, with the two branches ruling separately until they were eventually deposed in 1590s by the Safavid monarch of Iran, Abbas the Great (r. 1588–1629).^[12][1]

• 665-694 : Baduspan I
• 694-723 : Khurzad ibn Baduspan
• 723-762 : Baduspan II
• 762-791 : Shahriyar I ibn Baduspan
• 791-822 : Vanda-Umid
• 822-855 : Abdallah ibn Vanda-Umid

• 855-??? : Afridun ibn Karan
• ???-??? : Baduspan III
• ???-??? : Shahriyar II ibn Baduspan
• 887-899 : Hazar Sandan

• 899-938 : Shahriyar III ibn Jamshid
• 938-965 : Muhammad
• 965-??? : Istwandad
• 974-1010 : Zarrin-Kamar I
• 1010-1036 : Ba-Harb
• 1036-1067 : Fakhr al-Dawla Namavar I
• 1067-1092 : Ardashir
• 1092-1132: Hazarasp I
• 1117-1168 : Shahrivash
• 1168-1184 : Kai Ka'us I
• 1184-1190 : Hazarasp II
• 1190-1209 : Bavandid occupation
• 1209-1213 : Zarrin-Kamar II
• 1213 -1223 : Bisutun I
• 1223-1242/1243 : Fakhr al-Dawla Namavar II
• Died in 1242 : Hosam al-Dawla Ardashir
• 1242- ???? : Iskandar I
• 1242-1272 : Shahragim
• 1272-1301 : Namawar Shah Ghazi
• 1301-1311 : Kay Khusraw
• 1311-1317 : Shams al-Muluk Muhammad
• 1317-1324 : Nasir al-Din Shahriyar
• 1324-1333 : Taj al-Dawla Ziyar
• 1333-1359 : Jalal al-Dawla Iskandar
• 1359-1378 : Fakhr al-Dawla Shah-Ghazi
• 1378-1379 : Adud al-Dawla Qubad
• 1379-1391 : Mar'ashi occupation
• 1391-1394 : Sa'd al-Dawla Tus
• 1399-1453 : Kayumarth I

• 1453-1467 : Ka'us II
• 1467-1499 : Jahangir I
• 1499-1507 : Bisutun II
• 1507-1550 : Bahman of Tabaristan
• 1550-1576 : Kayumarth IV
• 1582-1586 : Sultan Aziz
• 1586-1593/1594 : Jahangir III

• 1453-1476 : Iskandar IV
• 1476-1491 : Taj-al-Dawla ibn Iskandar
• 1491-1507 : Ashraf ibn Taj al-Dawla
• 1507-1543 : Ka'us III
• 1543-1555 : Kayumarth III
• 1555-1567 : Jahangir II
• 1568-1590 : Sultan Mohammad ibn Jahangir
• 1590-1598 : Jahangir IV

• Dabuyid dynasty
• Bavand dynasty
• House of Ispahbudhan

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