Baccalauréat

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The baccalauréat (French pronunciation: [bakaloʁea]), often known in France colloquially as the bac, is a French national academic qualification that students can obtain at the completion of their secondary education by meeting certain requirements. It was introduced by Napoleon I in 1808.

Similar academic qualification exist elsewhere in Europe, variously known as Abitur in Germany, maturità in Italy, bachillerato in Spain (also in Mexico and South America), as well as baccalaureus in the Netherlands and Sweden^{[citation needed]}. There is also the European Baccalaureate, which students take at the end of the European School education.

In France, there are three main types of baccalauréat: the baccalauréat général (general baccalaureate), the baccalauréat technologique (technological baccalaureate), and the baccalauréat professionnel (professional baccalaureate).

Much like the European Matura or British A levels, the baccalauréat allows French and international students to obtain a standardised qualification, typically at the age of 18. It qualifies holders to work in certain areas, go on to tertiary education, or acquire some other professional qualification or training. Even though it is not legally required, the vast majority of students in their final year of secondary school take a final exam.

The word bac is also used to refer to one of the end-of-year exams that students must pass to get their baccalauréat diploma: le bac de philo, for example, is the philosophy exam, which all students must take, regardless of their field of study.

Within France, there are three main types of baccalauréat:

• the baccalauréat général (general baccalaureate), specially made to enter university and continue studies;
• the baccalauréat technologique (technological baccalaureate), specially made for short technical studies;
• the baccalauréat professionnel (professional baccalaureate), specially made to enter professional life.

For entrance to regular universities within France, however, there are some restrictions as to the type of baccalauréat that can be presented. In some cases, it may be possible to enter a French university without the bac by taking a special exam, the "diploma for entrance to higher education".

Though most students take the bac at the end of secondary school, it is also possible to enter as a candidat libre (literally, "free candidate") without affiliation to a school. Students who did not take the bac upon completion of secondary school (or did not manage to pass it) and would like to attend university, or feel that the bac would help them accomplish professional aspirations, may exercise that option. The exam is the same as the one administered to secondary-school students, except that free candidates are tested in Physical Education, whereas a secondary-school student's Physical Education grade is calculated based on evaluation throughout the year.

The main purpose of the general baccalaureate is to allow access to universities and grandes écoles to pursue studies. It attests to an advanced level in general skills.

Before 2021, the students who sit for the baccalauréat général choose one of three streams (termed séries) in the penultimate lycée year (S for Sciences; ES for Economics and Social sciences; and L for Literature). Each stream results in a specialization and carries different weights (coefficients) associated with each subject.

In 2021, the S, ES and L streams of the general baccalaureate are to be deleted. On this date, students choose three specialty courses, then keep two in the final year. There are 12 specialties such as Arts, Mathematics, Biology / Life sciences, Physics / Chemistry, Economics, Humanities, Literature etc. A large majority of the tests is now in continuous control.

S Scientifique (Sciences)	ES sciences Économiques et Sociales (Economics and Social sciences)	L Littéraire (Literature)
The natural sciences stream requires a high level in mathematics, physics & chemistry, and biology & geology or, if available, engineering sciences.	The bac ES requires a high level in economics and social courses of studies but also mathematics. Students must take an economics and social sciences exam.	The bac L weighs French literature, philosophy, history & geography, and foreign languages heavily.

Another terminology is sometimes used, which existed before 1994 and further divided the different séries. Until then, it was possible to sit for a bac C or D (which is now S), B (now ES), or A1, A2, A3 (now L). People who passed the baccalauréat before the reform still use that terminology in referring their diploma.

The baccalauréat permits students to choose to sit for exams in over forty world languages or French regional languages (such as Alsatian, Breton, Catalan or Norman).

The S stream prepares students for work in scientific fields such as medicine, engineering and the natural sciences. Natural sciences students must specialise in either Mathematics, Physics & Chemistry, Computer science or Earth & Life Sciences. Students in this stream must have a good result in Physics-Chemistry , Mathematics and Earth and Life Sciences.

Subjects	Weight	Format of exam	Duration
Anticipated subjectsa
French Language	2	Written	4 hours
French Language	2	Oral	30 minutes
Travaux personnels encadrés (TPE)	2c	Oral and Written	Students must choose a science-related subject. They need to sum it up into a file (generally around 30 pages) and present it to several professors who will then assign them an individual rating out of 20. Five minutes are allotted for each pupil. This exam is generally prepared by groups of 3 students but they can go up to 4. They also have to write a 2-page essay about how they participated in the project. The grade is the sum of the documents they gave, their oral presentation and, students who have presented practical experiences to illustrate their point are often valued.
Terminale subjects
History & Geography	3	Written	3 hours
Mathematics	7 or 9	Written	4 hours
Physics & Chemistry	6 or 8	Written and Laboratory	3 ½ hours plus 1 hour
Earth & Life Sciences Engineering Sciences Biology-Ecology	6 or 8 4 + 5 5 + 2	Written and Laboratory Written and Laboratory Written and Laboratory	3 ½ hours plus 1 hour 8 hours ( 1 hour for electronic, 1 hour for mechanic, 4 hours for practical works and 2 hours for TPE or PPE) 3 ½ hours plus 1 ½ hour
First Foreign Language (LV1)	3	Written	3 hours
Second Foreign Language (LV2) or Regional Language (LVR)	2	Written	2 hours
Philosophy	3	Written	4 hours
Physical Education	2	Year-end Average
Specializations
Mathematics or Physics & Chemistry or Earth & Life Sciences or Computer science	2b	Oral or Laboratory (except for Mathematics)	1 hour (20 minutes for Computer science)
Supplementary Physical Education	2	Year-end Average
Optional Subjectsd
Foreign Language	2c or 3c	Oral or Written (depending on the language)	20 minutes or 2 hours
Regional Language		Oral	20 minutes
Latin		Oral	15 minutes
Ancient Greek		Oral	15 minutes
Physical Education		Year-end Average or Examination
Arts		Oral	30–40 minutes
Langue Vivante Européenne (European Foreign Language) : Advanced language + another class (such as History or Biology) in that language	1° (+ Special mention on the diploma)	Oral	40 minutes
aExam at the end of première. French is replaced by Philosophy in terminale. bAdded to general subject above, except for computer science. cOnly points above 10 out of 20 (50%) are taken into consideration. Multiplied by two for first subject (except Latin & Greek, where the multiplier is 3) and by one for the second subject. dTwo-subject maximum.

Students of the ES stream prepare for careers in the Political Science , Sociology , Management , Business administration , Law and Economics. The main and important subjects of this stream are Economic and Social Sciences , History-Geography and Mathematics.

Subjects	Weight	Format of exam	Duration
Anticipated subjectsa
French Language	2	Written	4 hours
French Language	2	Oral	20 minutes
Sciences (Physics, Chemistry and Biology) (Same school curricula as L stream)	2	Written	1 ½ hours
Travaux personnels encadrés (TPE)	2c	Oral and Written	Research all year long + a report + an oral of about 30 minutes
Terminale subjects
History & Geography (Same school curricula as L stream)	5	Written	4 hours
Mathematics	5 or 7f	Written	3 hours
Economics & Social Sciences	7 or 9f	Written	4 hoursb
First Foreign Language (LV1)	3	Written + Oral	3 hours + 10 minutes
Second Foreign Language (LV2) or Regional Language (LVR)	2	Written + Oral	2 hours + 10 minutes
Philosophy	4	Written	4 hours
Physical Education	2	Year-end Average
Specializations
Detailed Economy (Health economy, Demography, Competition policy, Monopoly, Finance' Financial regulation) or Applied Mathematics or Social sciences & Politics (Democracy, Political participation, Policy in European Union) g	2c	Written	1 hour
Supplementary Physical Education	2	Year-end Average
Optional Subjectse
Foreign Language	2d	Oral or Written (depending on the language)	20 minutes or 2 hours
Regional Language		Oral	20 minutes
Latin		Oral	15 minutes
Ancient Greek		Oral	15 minutes
Physical Education		Year-end Average or Examination
Arts		Oral	30–40 minutes
aExams at the end of première. French is replaced by Philosophy in terminale. bThe exam is 5-hours long for students in this specialization. An additional topic with a duration of 1 hour is distributed at the beginning of the test to all students who choose this specialization. cAdded to general subject above. dOnly points above 10 out of 20 (50%) are taken into consideration. Multiplied by two for first subject (except Latin & Greek, where the multiplier is three) and by one for the second subject. eTwo-subject maximum. fThe highest coefficient is applied to students who choose this specialization. gThe test of specialty economy is included in the compulsory economy test, it is the same thing for mathematics. The test of English specialty is not included in the compulsory English test.

Students in the L stream prepare for careers in education, linguistics, literature , history , Philosophy , Geography and public service. They also have interests in the arts. The most important subjects in the literary stream are Philosophy , French language , literature , Arts and other languages, usually English, German and Spanish.

Subjects	Weight	Format of exam	Duration
Anticipated subjectsa
French Language & Literature	3	Written	4 hours
French Language & Literature	2	Oral	20 minutes
Sciences (Physics, Chemistry and Biology) (Same school curricula as ES stream)	2	Written	1 ½ hours
Travaux personnels encadrés (TPE; Supervised Personal Work)	2c	Oral	ten minutes for each pupil (TPE is an exam generally prepared by groups of 3 pupils)
Terminale subjects
Philosophy	7	Written	4 hours
Literature	4	Written	2 hours
History & Geography (Same school curricula as ES stream)	4	Written	4 hours
First Foreign Language (LV1)	4	Written	3 hours
Second Foreign Language (LV2) or Regional Language (LVR)	4	Written	3 hours
Physical Education	2	Year-end Average
Foreign literature in foreign language (LV1 or LV2) ("LELE")	1	Oral	10 minutes
Specializations
Detailed "LV1" or "LV2"	+4	Oral	20 minutes
Third Foreign Language (Chinese, Italian, ...)	4	Oral	20 minutes
Law and major issues of the contemporary world (DGEMC, or "droit")	4	Oral	20 minutes
Latin or Ancient Greek	4	Written	3 hours
Mathematics	3	Written	3 hours
Arts & Crafts or Cinema & Audiovisual Studies or Art History or Music or Theatre & Dramatic Expression or Dance	6	Written and Oral	3 ½ hours and ½-hour
Supplementary Physical Education	2	Year-end Average
Optional Subjectsc
Foreign Language	2b	Oral or Written (depending on the language)	20 minutes or 2 hours
Regional Language		Oral	20 minutes
Latin		Oral	15 minutes
Ancient Greek		Oral	15 minutes
Physical Education		Year-end Average or Examination
Arts (Can be fine art or Cinema Audiovisual studies)		Oral	30–40 minutes
aExams at the end of première. French is replaced by Philosophy and Literature in terminale. bOnly points above 10 out of 20 (50%) are taken into consideration. Multiplied by two for first subject (except Latin and Greek, where the multiplier is three) and by one for the second subject. cTwo-subject maximum.

The technological baccalaureate is one of the three tracks of the French baccalaureate. It currently has eight branches. The teaching of the lessons is based on inductive reasoning and experimentation. It allows you to pursue short and technical studies (laboratory technologies; design and applied arts technologies; hotel and restaurant technologies; management technologies, etc.).

The professional baccalaureate allows rapid integration into working life or the pursuit of short professional higher studies.

The professional baccalaureate includes nearly 100 specialties like : Leather crafts; Building technician; Maintenance of industrial equipment; Cooked; Road freight transport driver; Butcher etc.

The majority of the baccalauréat examination takes place in a week in June. For lycée students, that is the end of the last year, terminale.

Most examinations are given in essay-form. The student is given a substantial block of time (depending on the exam, that is from two to five hours) to complete a multiple-page, well-argued paper. The number of pages varies from exam to exam but is usually substantial considering all answers have to be written down, explained and justified. Mathematics and science exams are problem sets but some science questions also require an essay-type answer. Foreign-language exams often have a short translation section, as well. In the S stream, the Mathematics and the Earth & Life Sciences examinations may occasionally contain some multiple-choice questions (choix multiples), but this is rare and when it occurs, it does not constitute the majority of the exam.

All students also have to work on a scientific research project (travaux personnels encadrés, or TPE). Those are generally conducted in groups of 2, 3 or 4 and focus on a subject determined by the students, under the supervision of a faculty member.

When taken in mainland France, the baccalauréat material is the same for all students in a given stream. The secrecy surrounding the material is very tight, and the envelopes containing the exams are unsealed by a high-ranking school officer (usually a principal or vice-principal) in front of the examinees only a few minutes prior to the start of the examination. The procedure is the same for each subject, in each stream. Students usually have an identification number and an assigned seat. The number is written on all exam material and the name is hidden by folding and sealing the upper right-hand corner of the examination sheet(s). That way, anonymity is respected. The correcting staff is usually a member of the teaching staff in the same district or, at a larger scale, in the same académie. To avoid conflicts of interests, a teacher who has lectured to a student or group of students cannot grade that exam. Also, to ensure greater objectivity on the part of the examiners, the test is anonymous. The grader sees only an exam paper with a serial number, with all personally identifying material stripped away and forbidden from appearing, thus curbing any favoritism based upon sex, religion, national origin, or ethnicity.

Unlike the English GCSEs, Scottish Standard Grades or the American SAT, the French baccalauréat is not a completely-standardised test. Since most answers, even for biology questions, are given in essay form, the grades may vary from grader to grader, especially in subjects like philosophy and French literature.

Students generally take the French language and literature exam at the end of première since that subject is not taught in terminale, where it is replaced with a philosophy course. It also has an oral examination component, along with the written part. The oral exam covers works studied throughout première.

Each baccalauréat stream has its own set of subjects that each carry a different weight (coefficient). That allows some subjects to be more important than others. For example, in the ES stream, Economics & Social Science carry more weight than the Natural Sciences and so the former is more important than the latter. Students usually study more for exams that carry heavier weights since the grade that they obtain in these exams have a bigger impact on their mean grade. Whether or not one passes the bac and/or receives eventual honours are determined in the calculation of that mean.

The general baccalauréat offers several additional variants. The best-known subset is the "option internationale du baccalauréat" (OIB). Sometimes confusingly translated as the "French international baccalaureat", it is, however, unrelated to the International Baccalaureate (IB).

The OIB adds further subjects to the French national exam. Students choose one of the L, ES or S streams. It differs, as students take a two-year syllabus in literature, history, and geography in a foreign language. That syllabus and the way that it is examined is modelled on the national exam of the target nation. For instance, the British Section (administered by the University of Cambridge) models the programmes on A-levels in English, History, and Geography. It is therefore necessary to be fully bilingual to complete this qualification. To date there are 15 different sections supporting 14 different languages. The list is as follows: American, Arabic, British, (mainland) Chinese, Danish, Dutch, German, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Swedish.^[1]

At the end of terminale, OIB students have extra exams in Literature and History/Geography. Those exams have a high weight in the final mark of the baccalaureate and do not give extra points to OIB students. Overall, these students work much more (up to an additional 10 hours per week of classes, with a significant amount of required reading and homework attached as well) than the other general baccalauréat students, and many of them tend to go to foreign universities. University admissions tutors often consider reducing the entrance requirements for students taking the OIB compared with those taking the standard French baccalaureate to reflect the additional demands of the OIB.^[2]

Since the students that attend these schools make up a fairly-small demographic, they tend to be spread over a far larger area than would traditionally be expected of a normal lycée or secondary school. As a consequence, many of these students must commute long distances, with one-hour trips each way being fairly common. The long commutes to the longer days and the increased workload that come with the OIB make the system be highly demanding of students, and many students cannot handle the workload and so transfer to schools teaching the standard French baccalaureate. Thus, many consider the OIB qualification to be highly challenging and a sign of not only academic prowess but also one of tenacity and hard work.^{[citation needed]}

To test their foreign or regional language students can choose among these different languages (not at all schools): English, German, Arabic, Armenian, Cambodian, Chinese, Danish, Spanish, Finnish, Modern Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Dutch, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Turkish, Vietnamese; regional languages: Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Auvergnat, Gascon, Languedoc, Limousin, Niçard, Provençal, Vivaro-Alpine, regional languages of Alsace regional languages of Moselle), Tahitian, Albanian, Amharic, Melanesian languages, Bambara, Berber, Bulgarian, Cambodian, Korean, Croatian, Hausa, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Malaysian, Laotian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Malagasy, Persian, Fulani, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Swedish, Swahili, Tamil, Czech.^[3]

The pass mark is 10 out of 20. The 2014 success rate for the baccalauréat in mainland France was 87.9%.^[4]

For the baccalauréat, three levels of honours are given^[5]:

• A mark between 12 and 13.99 will earn a mention assez bien (honours);
• A mark between 14 and 15.99 will earn a mention bien (high honours);
• A mark of 16 or higher will earn a mention très bien (highest honours).

Excellent candidates who score over 18 can be awarded by the jury the unofficial and extremely-rare félicitations du jury (highest honours with praise), which is mentioned by hand on the official baccalauréat document^[5].

Honours are prestigious but not crucial, as admissions to the classes préparatoires (preparatory classes), which prepare students for the grande école examinations, are decided months before the examination.

French educators seldom use the entire grading scale. The same applies when marking the baccalauréat. Therefore, students are very unlikely to get a 20 out of 20 or more (it is actually possible to get more than 20 because of options). It is also very rare to see scores lower than 5.

Grade inflation has become a concern. Between 2005 and 2016, the proportion of students who received an honour in the general baccalaureate doubled.^[6]

A European section is an option in French high schools to teach a subject through a European language other than French. It also gives pupils the opportunity of having more hours in the language studied. It is also an opportunity to learn more about the culture of the country of which the language is being spoken. For example, learning History in Spanish the history of Spain and that of Central and South America would be emphasized. Teachers present their lessons in English, German, Italian or Spanish.

At the end, students can receive a "European section" mention on their baccalaureat. To have that mention, they need to get at least 12/20 on their language examination and at least 10/20 at an additional oral examination on the subject in the language.

For example, those who choose History in Spanish as an additional subject would take their Spanish examination like the rest of their classmates, who do not have History in Spanish, and get at least 12/20. They then have to pass an oral examination on history in Spanish and get at least 10/20.

A student who averages between 8 and 10 is permitted to sit for the épreuve de rattrapage (also called the second groupe), a supplemental oral examination is given in two subjects of the student's choice. A student who does well enough in those examinations to raise the overall weighted grade to a 10 gets the baccalauréat. A student who does poorly in the orals and receives below a 10 may choose to repeat the final year of lycée (terminale).

Students may not redo the entire examination in September; the September examinations may be taken only by those who have not been able to take the June examinations for serious reasons (such as illness).

• Academic grading in France
• Education in France
• Baccalauréat technologique
• International Baccalaureate
• European Baccalaureate

1. The formula was taken from the Lycée Claudel website, a French lycée in Ottawa, Canada and might only be accurate for Canadian—and even Ontarian—percentage grades. In Ontario, an 80% grade is an "A" on the American Scale and the student is awarded an Ontario Scholar Diploma. A 90% grade is an A+ on the American Scale is considered a grade with honours and automatically qualifies the student for government-funded scholarships and bursaries. The formula should be used for comparison only.

• French Ministry of Education website

• Sayare, Scott. "Rite of Passage for French Students Receives Poor Grade." (Print title: "A Rite of Passage for French Students Receives a Poor Grade") The New York Times. Published online on June 27, 2013. Published in print on June 28, 2013, p. A11, New York edition.

• Grade Equivalency Chart
• OIB Revision Site