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{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Anzia colpodes.jpg
| image_alt = Sprigs of lichen on rocks
| image_caption = ''Anzia colpodes''
| taxon = Anzia
| authority = [[Stizenb.]] (1861)
| type_species = ''[[Anzia colpodes]]''
| type_species_authority = ([[Ach.]]) Stizenb. (1862)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/>
| synonyms = *''Chondrospora'' {{small|[[A.Massal.]] (1860)}}
}}

'''''Anzia''''' is a [[genus]] of [[foliose lichen]]s known as black-foam lichens in the large family [[Parmeliaceae]]. It was formerly included in the monogeneric family Anziaceae, but this has since been subsumed into the Parmeliaceae.<ref name="Crespo et al. 2007"/>

==Taxonomy==
The genus name of ''Anzia'' is in honour of Martino Anzi (1812-1883), an Italian botanist and professor of theology from [[Como]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Burkhardt | first=Lotte | title=Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen |trans-title=Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names | publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-946292-41-8 | url=https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022|format=pdf |language=German |location=Berlin | doi=10.3372/epolist2022 | s2cid=246307410 |access-date=January 27, 2022}}</ref>

The genus was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by [[Ernst Stizenberger]] in 1862, with ''[[Anzia colpodes]]'' assigned as the [[type species]].<ref name="Stizenberger 1861"/> This lichen was originally described as ''Lichen colpodes'' by [[Erik Acharius]] in 1799.<ref name="Acharius 1799"/>

In 1932, [[Yasuhiko Asahina]] divided the genus into three [[section (biology)|sections]] (''Simplices'', ''Duplices'', and Nervosae) based on the structure of the [[medulla (lichenology)|medulla]].<ref name="Asahina 1935"/> When [[Isao Yoshimura]] later observed that ''[[Anzia japonica]]'' had two medulla types in a single species (i.e. both a single-layered and a double-layered medulla), he combined sections ''Simplices'' and ''Duplices'' into section ''Anziae''.<ref name="Yoshimura 1987"/>

==Description==
Members of ''Anzia'' have a [[foliose lichen|foliose]] growth form, with a [[thallus]] that can measure anywhere from {{convert|2|–|30|cm|in|abbr=on|1}} wide. The narrow lobes that comprise the thallus are pale greyish white to greyish green in colour. It is one of the only groups in the family not to have eight [[ascospore|spores]] in each [[ascus]], but instead has numerous spores in each ascus (varying slightly from ascus to ascus). These ascospores are crescent shaped. A characteristic of the genus is the presence of a brown-black or pale brown spongy cushion called a spongiostratum, which covers the lower surface.<ref name="Wang et al. 2015"/>

''[[Pannoparmelia]]'' also has a spongiostratum, but in this genus the asci contain eight ascospores, and the upper [[cortex (botany)|cortex]] is yellow-green.<ref name="Wang et al. 2015"/>

==Distribution==
The genus has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]], but is concentrated in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], particularly in [[Japan]].<ref name="Galloway 2007"/>

==Evolutionary history==
A fossilized ''Anzia'', ''[[Anzia electra]]'', was found in 35–40 [[Myr]]-old [[Baltic amber]]. Its features suggest that the main distinguishing characteristics in the thallus morphology of section ''Anzia'' have been retained for tens of millions of years.<ref name="Rikkinen & Poinar 2002"/>

==Species==
[[File:Anzia entingiana by Peter de Lange.jpg|thumb|right|''Anzia entingiana'']]
[[File:Anzia ornata 4.jpg|thumb|right|Side view of ''Anzia ornata'', showing the black spongiostratum on the lobe underside]]
*''[[Anzia centrifuga]]'' {{small|Haugan (1992)}}<ref name="Haugan 1992"/> – [[Porto Santo]], [[Madeira]]
*''[[Anzia colpodes]]'' (sack black-foam lichen<ref name=NGSWG>{{NGSWG}}</ref>) {{small|(Ach.) Stizenb. (1862)}} 
*''[[Anzia electra]]''† {{small|Rikkinen & Poinar (2002)}}
*''[[Anzia entingiana]]'' {{small|Elix (1997)}} – New Zealand
*''[[Anzia flavotenuis]]'' {{small|Jayalal, Wolseley & Aptroot (2012)}}<ref name="Jayalal et al. 2012"/> – Sri Lanka
*''[[Anzia formosana]]'' {{small|Asahina (1937)}}
*''[[Anzia gallowayi]]'' {{small|Elix (2007)}}<ref name="Elix 2007"/> – Australia
*''[[Anzia hypoleucoides]]'' {{small|Müll.Arg. (1891)}}
*''[[Anzia hypomelaena]]'' {{small|(Zahlbr.) Xin Y.Wang & Li S.Wang (2015)}} – China
*''[[Anzia isidiosa]]'' {{small|Yoshim. (1995)}}<ref name="Yoshimura et al. 1995"/> – New Guinea
*''[[Anzia japonica]]'' {{small|(Tuck.) Müll.Arg. (1889)}} – China; Japan
*''[[Anzia leucobatoides]]'' {{small|(Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1907)}} – China
*''[[Anzia mahaeliyensis]]'' {{small|Jayalal, Wolseley & Aptroot (2012)}}<ref name="Jayalal et al. 2012"/> – Sri Lanka
*''[[Anzia minor]]'' {{small|Yoshim. (1992)}}
*''[[Anzia opuntiella]]'' {{small|Müll.Arg. (1881)}} – Asia
*''[[Anzia ornata]]'' {{small|(Zahlbr.) Asahina (1937)}} – Asia; North America
*''[[Anzia pseudocolpota]]'' {{small|Xin Y.Wang & Li S.Wang (2015)}}<ref name="Wang et al. 2015"/> – China
*''[[Anzia rhabdorhiza]]'' {{small|Li S.Wang & M.M.Liang (2012)}}<ref name="Liang et al. 2012"/> – China
*''[[Anzia tianjarana]]'' {{small|Yoshim. & Elix (1992)}}<ref name="Yoshimura & Elix 1993"/> – Australia

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Acharius 1799">{{cite book |last1=Acharius |first1=E. |year=1799 |title=Lichenographiae Sueciae Prodromus |page=124 |location=Linköping |publisher=D.G. Björn |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44220562}}</ref>

<ref name="Asahina 1935">{{cite journal |last1=Asahina |first1=Y. |year=1935 |title=''Anzia''-Arten aus Japan |journal=Journal of Japanese Botany |volume=11 |pages=224–238}}</ref>

<ref name="Crespo et al. 2007">{{Cite journal |last1=Crespo |first1=A. |last2=Lumbsch |first2=H. T. |last3=Mattsson |first3=J. E. |last4=Blanco |first4=O. |last5=Divakar |first5=P. K. |last6=Articus |first6=K. |last7=Wiklund |first7=E. |last8=Bawingan |first8=P. A. |last9=Wedin |first9=M. |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.029 |title=Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear ''RPB1'' gene |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=812–824 |year=2007 |pmid=17276700}}</ref>

<ref name="Elix 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=John A. |year=2007 |title=New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from Australasia |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=95 |pages=171–182}}</ref>

<ref name="Galloway 2007">Galloway, D.J. (2007). Flora of New Zealand - Lichens - Revised 2nd Edition http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx</ref>

<ref name="Jayalal et al. 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Jayalal |first1=Udeni |last2=Wolseley |first2=Pat |last3=Gueidan |first3=Cécile |last4=Aptroot |first4=André |last5=Wijesundara |first5=Siril |last6=Karunaratne |first6=Veranja |title=''Anzia mahaeliyensis'' and ''Anzia flavotenuis'', two new lichen species from Sri Lanka |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=44 |issue=3 |year=2012 |pages=381–389 |doi=10.1017/S0024282911000946 |s2cid=86955461 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236341081}}</ref>

<ref name="Liang et al. 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Liang |first1=Meng Meng |last2=Qian |first2=Zi Gang |last3=Wang |first3=Xin Yu |last4=Chen |first4=Hong Mei |last5=Liu |first5=Dong |last6=Wang |first6=Li Song |title=Contributions to the lichen flora of the Hengduan Mountains, China (5). ''Anzia rhabdorhiza'' (Parmeliaceae), a new species |journal=The Bryologist |volume=115 |issue=3 |year=2012 |pages=382–387 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-115.3.382 |jstor=23321053|s2cid=85660113 }}</ref>

<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Anzia'' Stizenb. |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=237 |publisher=[[Species Fungorum]] |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Haugan 1992">{{cite journal |last1=Haugan |first1=Reidar |year=1992 |title=''Anzia centrifuga'', a new lichen species from Porto Santo, Madeira |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=45–50 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0044/001/0045.htm}}</ref>

<ref name="Rikkinen & Poinar 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Rikkinen |first1=Jouko |last2=Poinar |first2=George O. |title=Fossilised ''Anzia'' (Lecanorales, lichen-forming Ascomycota) from European Tertiary amber |journal=Mycological Research |volume=106 |issue=8 |year=2002 |pages=984–990 |doi=10.1017/S0953756202005907}}</ref>

<ref name="Stizenberger 1861">{{cite journal |last1=Stizenberger |first1=E. |year=1861 |title=''Anzia'', eine neue Flechtengattung |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=44 |pages=390–393 |language=de |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53841}}</ref>

<ref name="Wang et al. 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xin Yu |last2=Goffinet |first2=Bernard |last3=Liu |first3=Dong |last4=Liang |first4=Meng Meng |last5=Shi |first5=Hai Xia |last6=Zhang |first6=Yan Yun |last7=Zhang |first7=Jun |last8=Wang |first8=Li Song |title=Taxonomic study of the genus ''Anzia'' (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota) from Hengduan Mountains, China |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=47 |issue=2 |year=2015 |pages=99–115 |doi=10.1017/S0024282914000644 |s2cid=87916877 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273766529}}</ref>

<ref name="Yoshimura 1987">{{cite journal |last1=Yoshimura |first1=I. |year=1987 |title=Taxonomy and speciation of ''Anzia'' and ''Pannoparmelia'' |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=25 |pages=185–195}}</ref>

<ref name="Yoshimura & Elix 1993">{{cite journal |last1=Yoshimura |first1=I. |last2=Elix |first2=J.A. |year=1993 |title=The lichen genera ''Anzia'' and ''Pannoparmelia'' in Australia |journal=Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory |volume=74 |pages=287–298}}</ref>

<ref name="Yoshimura et al. 1995">{{cite journal |last1=Yoshimura |first1=I. |last2=Sipman |first2=H.J.M. |last3=Aptroot |first3=A. |year=1995 |title=The lichen genus ''Anzia'' in New Guinea |journal=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=58 |pages=439–469}}</ref>

}}

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[[Category:Lecanorales genera]]
[[Category:Parmeliaceae]]
[[Category:Lichen genera]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1861]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ernst Stizenberger]]

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