Alauda
Appearance
Alauda | |
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Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis) | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | |
Phylum: | |
Class: | |
Order: | |
Family: | |
Genus: | Alauda |
Species | |
see text |
Alauda is a genus of larks found across much of Europe, Asia and in the mountains of north Africa, and one of the species (the Raso lark) endemic to the islet of Raso in the Cape Verde Islands.[1] Further, at least two additional species are known from the fossil record. The current genus name is from Latin alauda, "lark". Pliny the Elder thought the word was originally of Celtic origin.[2]
Taxonomic and systematics
The genus Alauda has four extant and at least two extinct species. Formerly, many other species have also been considered to belong to the genus.
Extant species
- White-winged lark (Alauda leucoptera)
- Raso lark (Alauda razae)
- Oriental skylark (Alauda gulgula)
- Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvensis)
Extinct species
- †Alauda xerarvensis (late Pliocene of Varshets, Bulgaria)[3]
- †Alauda tivadari (late Miocene of Polgardi, Hungary)[4]
Former species
Previously, some authorities also classified the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus Alauda:
- Greater hoopoe-lark (desertorum) (as A. desertorum)[5]
- Gray's lark (as A. grayi)
- Short-clawed lark (as A. chuana)[6]
- Cape long-billed lark (as A. curvirostris)[7]
- Dusky lark (as A. nigricans)[8]
- Rufous-rumped lark (as A. erythropygia)[9]
- Desert lark (as A. deserti)[10]
- Middle East desert lark (as A. isabellina)[11]
- Bar-tailed lark (arenicolor) (as A. arenicolor)[12]
- Chestnut-backed sparrow-lark (as A. melanocephala)[13]
- Ashy-crowned sparrow-lark (as A. grisea)[14]
- Congo Sabota lark (as A. plebeja)[15]
- Bradfield's lark (as A. naevia)[16]
- Pink-breasted lark (as A. poecilosterna)[17]
- Karoo lark (as A. albescens)[18]
- Karoo lark (codea) (as A. codea)[19]
- Karoo lark (guttata) (as A. guttata)[20]
- Dune lark (as A. erythrochlamys)[21]
- Eastern clapper lark (as A. fasciolata)[22]
- Cape clapper lark (as A. apiata)[23]
- Woodlark (as A. arborea)[24]
- Botha's lark (as A. fringillaris)[25]
- Pink-billed lark (as A. conirostris)[26]
- Western Oriental skylark (as A. inconspicua)[27]
- Oriental skylark (australis) (as A. Australis)[28]
- Oriental skylark (coelivox) (as A. coelivox)[29]
- Oriental skylark (sala) (as A. sala)[30]
- Oriental skylark (wattersi) (as A. wattersi)[31]
- North Mediterranean Eurasian skylark (as A. cantarella)[32]
- Steppe Eurasian skylark (as A. dulcivox)[33]
- Eurasian skylark (intermedia) (as A. intermedia)[34]
- Eurasian skylark (pekinensis) (as A. pekinensis)[35]
- Japanese skylark (as A. japonica)[36]
- Sykes's lark (as A. Deva)[37]
- Large-billed lark (as A. magnirostris)[38]
- Crested lark (as A. cristata)[39]
- Senegal crested lark (as A. senegallensis)[40]
- Crested lark (leautungensis) (as A. leautungensis)[41]
- Indian crested lark (as A. Chendoola)[42]
- Malabar lark (as A. malabarica)[43]
- Horned lark (as A. alpestris)[44]
- Mexican horned lark (as A. chrysolaema)[45]
- Shore lark (as A. flava)[46]
- Southern horned lark (as A. Penicillata)[47]
- Temminck's lark (as A. bilopha)[48]
- Mongolian short-toed lark (as A. Dukhunensis)[49]
- Red-capped lark (as A. cinerea)[50]
- Red-capped lark (spleniata) (as A. spleniata)[51]
- Greater short-toed lark (as A. brachydactila)[52]
- Steppe greater short-toed lark (as A. longipennis)[53]
- Bimaculated lark (as A. bimaculata)[54]
- Calandra lark (as A. calandra)[55]
- Black lark (as A. yeltoniensis)[56]
- Mongolian lark (as A. mongolica)[57]
- Dupont's lark (as A. Duponti)[58]
- Lesser short-toed lark (as A. rufescens)[59]
- Sand lark (as A. raytal)[60]
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alauda.
Wikispecies has information related to Alauda.
- ^ "Nicators, reedling & larks « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
- ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Boev, Z. 2012. Neogene Larks (Aves: Alaudidae (Vigors, 1825)) from Bulgaria - Acta zoologica bulgarica, 64 (3), 2012: 295-318.
- ^ Kessler, E. 2013. Neogene songbirds (Aves, Passeriformes) from Hungary. – Hantkeniana, Budapest, 2013, 8: 37-149.
- ^ "Alaemon alaudipes desertorum - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-21.
- ^ "Certhilauda chuana - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ^ "Certhilauda curvirostris - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
- ^ "Pinarocorys nigricans - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ^ "Pinarocorys erythropygia - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
- ^ "Ammomanes deserti - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
- ^ "Ammomanes deserti isabellina - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ^ "Ammomanes cinctura arenicolor - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
- ^ "Eremopterix leucotis melanocephalus - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
- ^ "Eremopterix griseus - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
- ^ "Calendulauda sabota plebeja - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
- ^ "Calendulauda naevia - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
- ^ "Calendulauda poecilosterna - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- ^ "Calendulauda albescens - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
- ^ "Calendulauda albescens codea - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ^ "Calendulauda albescens guttata - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ^ "Calendulauda erythrochlamys - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-19.
- ^ "Mirafra fasciolata - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
- ^ "Mirafra apiata - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
- ^ "Lullula arborea - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
- ^ "Spizocorys fringillaris - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
- ^ "Spizocorys conirostris - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
- ^ "Alauda gulgula inconspicua - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Alauda gulgula australis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Alauda gulgula coelivox - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Alauda gulgula sala - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Alauda gulgula wattersi - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Alauda arvensis cantarella - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Alauda japonica dulcivox - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Alauda japonica intermedia - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Alauda japonica pekinensis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Alauda japonica - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Galerida deva - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Galerida magnirostris - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
- ^ "Galerida cristata - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
- ^ "Galerida cristata senegallensis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ^ "Galerida cristata leautungensis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ^ "Galerida cristata chendoola - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Galerida malabarica - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
- ^ "Eremophila alpestris - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Eremophila alpestris chrysolaema - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Eremophila alpestris flava - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Eremophila alpestris penicillata - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
- ^ "Eremophila bilopha - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
- ^ "Calandrella dukhunensis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
- ^ "Calandrella cinerea - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
- ^ "Calandrella cinerea spleniata - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ^ "Calandrella brachydactyla - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
- ^ "Calandrella brachydactyla longipennis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
- ^ "Melanocorypha bimaculata - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
- ^ "Melanocorypha calandra - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
- ^ "Melanocorypha yeltoniensis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
- ^ "Melanocorypha mongolica - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
- ^ "Chersophilus duponti - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
- ^ "Alaudala rufescens - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
- ^ "Alaudala raytal - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2016-12-20.