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{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Nocardia_species_close-up_detail.jpg
| image_caption = Close-up image of a ''Nocardia'' species culture on sheep blood agar
| taxon = Nocardia
| authority = Trevisan 1889 (Approved Lists 1980)
| type_species = ''[[Nocardia asteroides]]''
| type_species_authority = (Eppinger 1891) Blanchard 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text.
| synonyms = * ''Micropolyspora'' <small>Lechevalier et al. 1961 (Approved Lists 1980)</small><br />
* ''Asteroides'' {{small|Puntoni & Leonardi, 1935}}
* ''Proactinomyces'' {{small|(K.Lehmann & Haag) H.L.Jensen, 1934}}<ref name="GBIF">{{cite web |title=Nocardia Trevisan, 1889 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/9582951 |website=www.gbif.org |access-date=24 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="LPSN">{{cite web|vauthors=Euzéby JP, Parte AC |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/nocardia |title=''Nocardia'' |access-date=June 25, 2022 |publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Nocardia Brain Autopsy.jpg|thumb|''Nocardia'' as found on a [[brain biopsy]].]]
'''''Nocardia''''' is a [[genus]] of weakly staining [[Gram-positive]], [[catalase|catalase-positive]], rod-shaped [[bacteria]]. It forms partially [[acid-fast]] beaded branching filaments (appearing similar to fungi, but being truly bacteria). It contains a total of 85 species. Some species are nonpathogenic, while others are responsible for [[nocardiosis]].<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | veditors = Ryan KJ, Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | pages = 460&ndash;2 | edition = 4th | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> ''Nocardia'' species are found worldwide in soil rich in organic matter. In addition, they are oral microflora found in healthy human [[Gums|gingiva]], as well as periodontal pockets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nocardia species |url=https://globalrph.com/bacteria/nocardia-species/ |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=GlobalRPH |language=en-US}}</ref> Most ''Nocardia'' infections are acquired by inhalation of the bacteria or through traumatic introduction through openings in [[Epithelium|epithelial barriers]].

== Culture and staining ==
''Nocardia'' colonies have a variable appearance, but most species appear to have aerial [[hyphae]] when viewed with a dissecting [[microscope]], particularly when they have been grown on nutritionally limiting media. ''Nocardia'' grow slowly on nonselective culture media, and are strict [[Aerobic metabolism|aerobes]] with the ability to grow in a wide temperature range. Some species are partially [[acid-fast]] (meaning a less concentrated solution of sulfuric or [[hydrochloric acid]] should be used during the staining procedure) due to the presence of intermediate-length [[mycolic acid]]s in their [[cell wall]]. Majority of strains possess the [[cord factor]] (trehalose 6-6' dimycolate), an important virulence factor.
[[File:Four different Nocardia species.jpg|thumb|Four different ''Nocardia'' species on sheep blood agar demonstrating different colouring]]
They are catalase positive and can grow easily on the most commonly used media with colonies becoming evident in 3–5 days. However, prolonged incubation periods (2–3 weeks) are sometimes needed.
[[File:Nocardia asteroides.png|thumb|''[[Nocardia asteroides]]'']]

== Virulence ==
The various species of ''Nocardia'' are [[pathogenicity|pathogenic]] bacteria with low [[virulence]]; therefore clinically significant disease most frequently occurs as an [[opportunistic infection]] in those with a weak immune system, such as small children, the elderly, and the [[immunocompromised]] (most typically, HIV). Nocardial [[virulence factor]]s are the [[enzyme]]s [[catalase]] and [[superoxide dismutase]] (which inactivate [[reactive oxygen species]] that would otherwise prove toxic to the bacteria), as well as a "cord factor" (which interferes with [[phagocytosis]] by [[macrophages]] by preventing the fusion of the [[phagosome]] with the [[lysosome]]).{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

An important virulence factor in many pathogenic strains of ''Nocardia'' is [[trehalose dimycolate]], which is also found in the bacterial genus ''[[Mycobacterium]]''. This toxin can cause [[cachexia]], a form of muscle wasting.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=C. L. |last2=Tincani |first2=I. |last3=Filho |first3=S. L. B. |last4=Faccioli |first4=L. H. |date=1988-06-01 |title=Mouse Cachexia Induced by Trehalose Dimycolate from Nocardia asteroides |journal=Microbiology |volume=134 |issue=6 |pages=1629–1633 |doi=10.1099/00221287-134-6-1629 |doi-access=free |pmid=3065451 |issn=1350-0872}}</ref>

== Clinical disease and microbiological diagnosis ==
{{More citations needed|date=July 2009}}
The most commonly encountered species are [[Nocardia brasiliensis]], Nocardia cyriacigeorgica, [[Nocardia farcinica]], and Nocardia nova. ''[[Nocardia asteroides]]'' is most frequently found species causing noncutaneous invasive disease. Most cases occur as an [[opportunistic infection]] in immunocompromised patients. ''N. brasiliensis'' is the most common species causing cutaneous nocardiosis. ''N. caviae'' is another species of medical interest. The genus is acid-fast to some degree, it stains only weakly Gram positive.

The most common form of human nocardial disease is a slowly progressive [[pneumonia]], the common symptoms of which include [[cough]], [[dyspnea]] (shortness of breath), and [[fever]]. It is not uncommon for this infection to spread to the [[pleura]] or chest wall. Pre-existing pulmonary disease, especially [[pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]], increases the risk of contracting a ''Nocardia'' pneumonia. Every organ can be affected if a systemic spread takes place.

''Nocardia'' species are deeply involved in the process of encephalitis as one of its main pathogenic effects.  In about 25–33% of people ''Nocardia'' infection takes the form of [[encephalitis]] and/or [[brain abscess]] formation.  ''Nocardia'' may also cause a variety of cutaneous infections such as [[actinomycosis|actinomycetoma]] (especially ''N. brasiliensis''), lymphocutaneous disease, [[cellulitis]], and subcutaneous [[abscess]]es.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lovecchio A, Bazzacco G, Di Bella S, Di Meo N, Luzzati R | title = Uncommon lymphocutaneous cellulitis after insect bite: a case report of primary cutaneous nocardiosis and literature review | journal = Le Infezioni in Medicina | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 285–292 | date = 2022-06-06 | pmid = 35693062 | pmc = 9177186 | doi = 10.53854/liim-3002-15 }}</ref>

''Nocardia'' isolation from biological specimens can be performed using an agar medium enriched with yeast extract and [[activated charcoal]] (BCYE), the same used for ''Legionella'' species. Selective media for mycobacteria or fungi can also be inoculated. The most suitable specimens are the sputum, or when clinically necessary,  bronchoalveolar lavage or biopsy. Further biochemical tests for species identification are not routinely performed. Serological or cutaneous tests are not available.

== Treatment ==
In most patients with ''Nocardia'' infection, the combination of antibiotics is needed.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu SH, Qian ZW, Mou PP, Xie L | title = Clinical Nocardia species: Identification, clinical characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility in Shandong, China | journal = Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 531–538 | date = November 2020 | pmid = 32415818 | pmc = 7664795 | doi = 10.17305/bjbms.2020.4764 }}</ref>
[[Antibiotic]] therapy with a [[sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], most commonly [[trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole]], is the treatment of choice.<ref name=POC-IT>{{cite web |url=http://prod.hopkins-abxguide.org/pathogens/bacteria/aerobic_gram_positive_bacillus/nocardia.html |title=Nocardia | vauthors = Bartlett JG |date=October 5, 2007 |work=Point-of-Care Information Technology ABX Guide |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201183311/http://prod.hopkins-abxguide.org/pathogens/bacteria/aerobic_gram_positive_bacillus/nocardia.html |archive-date=December 1, 2009 }} Retrieved on January 3, 2009. Freely available with registration.</ref> People who take trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for other reasons, such as prevention of [[Pneumocystis pneumonia|''Pneumocystis jirovecii'' infection]], appear to have fewer ''Nocardia'' infections,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Muñoz P, Muñoz RM, Palomo J, Rodríguez-Creixéms M, Muñoz R, Bouza E | title = Pneumocystis carinii infection in heart transplant recipients. Efficacy of a weekend prophylaxis schedule | journal = Medicine | volume = 76 | issue = 6 | pages = 415–422 | date = November 1997 | pmid = 9413427 | doi = 10.1097/00005792-199711000-00004 | doi-access = free }}</ref> although this protective effect has been considered unreliable,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Peleg AY, Husain S, Qureshi ZA, Silveira FP, Sarumi M, Shutt KA, Kwak EJ, Paterson DL | display-authors = 6 | title = Risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcome of Nocardia infection in organ transplant recipients: a matched case-control study | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 44 | issue = 10 | pages = 1307–1314 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17443467 | doi = 10.1086/514340 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite press release | vauthors = Berrie C |date=April 3, 2007 |title=Researchers Identify Risk Factors for Nocardia infection After Solid-Organ Transplant |website=Doctor's Guide |url=http://www.docguide.com/news/content.nsf/news/852571020057ccf6852572b2004cf6a2}}</ref> and some studies have disputed it altogether.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khan BA, Duncan M, Reynolds J, Wilkes DS | title = Nocardia infection in lung transplant recipients | journal = Clinical Transplantation | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 562–566 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18435787 | pmc = 3755737 | doi = 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2008.00824.x }}</ref> [[Minocycline]] is usually substituted when a sulfa cannot be given; high-dose [[imipenem]] and [[amikacin]] have also been used in severe or refractory cases.<ref name=POC-IT/> [[Linezolid]] appears to be highly effective against ''Nocardia'', but it is very expensive and may cause severe [[adverse drug reaction|adverse effects]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jodlowski TZ, Melnychuk I, Conry J | title = Linezolid for the treatment of Nocardia spp. infections | journal = The Annals of Pharmacotherapy | volume = 41 | issue = 10 | pages = 1694–1699 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17785610 | doi = 10.1345/aph.1K196 | s2cid = 33975237 }}</ref>

Antibiotic therapy is continued for six months (in [[immunocompetence|immunocompetent]] people) to a year (in [[immunosuppression]]), and may need to be continued indefinitely.<ref name=POC-IT/>  Proper wound care is also critical.

== Genetics ==

Although ''Nocardia'' has interesting and important features such as production of antibiotics and aromatic compound-degrading or -converting enzymes, the genetic study of this organism has been hampered by the lack of genetic tools. However, practical ''Nocardia''&ndash;''E. coli'' shuttle vectors have been developed recently.<ref name=Chiba_2007>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiba K, Hoshino Y, Ishino K, Kogure T, Mikami Y, Uehara Y, Ishikawa J | title = Construction of a pair of practical Nocardia-Escherichia coli shuttle vectors | journal = Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–47 | date = February 2007 | doi = 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2007.45 | pmid = 17314425 | url = http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/JJID/60/45.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070817111052/http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/JJID/60/45.html | archive-date = 2007-08-17 }}</ref>

The genera ''Nocardia'' and ''Rhodococcus'' have been found to be closely related, supported by two [[conserved signature indels]] consisting of a one-amino-acid deletion in the alpha subunit of [[acetyl coenzyme A]] carboxylase (ACC), and a three-amino-acid insertion in a conserved region of an ATP-binding protein that are specifically shared by species from these two genera. In addition, 14 hypothetical conserved signature proteins have been identified which are unique to the genera ''Nocardia'' and ''Rhodococcus''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gao B, Gupta RS | title = Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the main clades of the phylum Actinobacteria | journal = Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews | volume = 76 | issue = 1 | pages = 66–112 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22390973 | pmc = 3294427 | doi = 10.1128/MMBR.05011-11 }}</ref>

==Species==
''Nocardia'' comprises the following species:<ref name="LPSN"/>
{{div col|colwidth=250px}}
* ''[[Nocardia abscessus|N. abscessus]]'' <small>Yassin et al. 2000</small>
* ''[[Nocardia acididurans|N. acididurans]]'' <small>Sirireung et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Nocardia aciditolerans|N. aciditolerans]]'' <small>Golinska et al. 2013</small>
* ''[[Nocardia acidivorans|N. acidivorans]]'' <small>Kämpfer et al. 2007</small>
<!-- "Nocardia aerocolonigenes" was reclasified as Lentzea aerocolonigenes. -->
* ''[[Nocardia africana|N. africana]]'' <small>Hamid et al. 2001</small>
* ''[[Nocardia alba|N. alba]]'' <small>Li et al. 2004</small>
* ''[[Nocardia albiluteola|N. albiluteola]]'' <small>Shan et al. 2022</small>
* "''[[Nocardia alni|N. alni]]''" <small>Nouioui et al. 2022</small>
* ''[[Nocardia altamirensis|N. altamirensis]]'' <small>Jurado et al. 2008</small>
* ''[[Nocardia amamiensis|N. amamiensis]]'' <small>Yamamura et al. 2007</small>
<!-- Nocardia amarae was reclassified as Gordonia amarae. -->
* ''[[Nocardia amikacinitolerans|N. amikacinitolerans]]'' <small>Ezeoke et al. 2013</small>
* ''[[Nocardia anaemiae|N. anaemiae]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Nocardia aobensis|N. aobensis]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Nocardia araoensis|N. araoensis]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2004</small>
* "''[[Nocardia argentinensis|N. argentinensis]]''" <small>Cone et al. 1989</small>
* ''[[Nocardia arizonensis|N. arizonensis]]'' <small>Lasker et al. 2017</small>
* ''[[Nocardia artemisiae|N. artemisiae]]'' <small>Zhao et al. 2011</small>
* ''[[Nocardia arthritidis|N. arthritidis]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Nocardia asiatica|N. asiatica]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2004</small>
* ''[[Nocardia asteroides|N. asteroides]]'' <small>(Eppinger 1891) Blanchard 1896 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Nocardia aurantia|N. aurantia]]'' <small>Benndorf et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Nocardia aurantiaca|N. aurantiaca]]'' <small>Kanchanasin et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Nocardia aurea|N. aurea]]'' <small>Fang et al. 2019</small>
<!-- Nocardia autotrophica was reclassified as Pseudonocardia autotrophica. -->
* ''[[Nocardia barduliensis|N. barduliensis]]'' <small>Nouioui et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Nocardia beijingensis|N. beijingensis]]'' <small>Wang et al. 2001</small>
* ''[[Nocardia bhagyanarayanae|N. bhagyanarayanae]]'' <small>corrig. Vaddavalli et al. 2014</small>
<!-- Nocardia bhagyanesis is a misspelling of Nocardia bhagyanarayanae. -->
* ''[[Nocardia blacklockiae|N. blacklockiae]]'' <small>Conville et al. 2009</small>
<!-- "Nocardia blackwellii" is a synonym of Nocardia farcinica. -->
* "''[[Nocardia boironii|N. boironii]]''" <small>Gilquin et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Nocardia bovistercoris|N. bovistercoris]]'' <small>Zhang et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Nocardia brasiliensis|N. brasiliensis]]'' <small>(Lindenberg 1909) Pinoy 1913 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Nocardia brevicatena|N. brevicatena]]'' <small>(Lechevalier et al. 1961) Goodfellow and Pirouz 1982</small>
* ''[[Nocardia caishijiensis|N. caishijiensis]]'' <small>Zhang et al. 2003</small>
* ''[[Nocardia calcarea|N. calcarea]]'' <small>Metcalfe and Brown 1957 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Nocardia callitridis|N. callitridis]]'' <small>Kaewkla and Franco 2010</small>
* ''[[Nocardia camponoti|N. camponoti]]'' <small>Liu et al. 2016</small>
<!-- "Nocardia canicruria" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
<!-- "Nocardia capreola" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
* ''[[Nocardia carnea|N. carnea]]'' <small>(Rossi Doria 1891) Castellani and Chalmers 1913 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Nocardia casuarinae|N. casuarinae]]'' <small>Ghodhbane-Gtari et al. 2015</small>
* ''[[Nocardia cavernae|N. cavernae]]'' <small>Li et al. 2017</small>
<!-- "Nocardia caviae" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
<!-- Nocardia cellulans was reclassified as Cellulosimicrobium cellulans. -->
* ''[[Nocardia cerradoensis|N. cerradoensis]]'' <small>Albuquerque de Barros et al. 2003</small>
* ''[[Nocardia coeliaca|N. coeliaca]]'' <small>(Gray and Thornton 1928) Waksman and Henrici 1948 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Nocardia coffeae|N. coffeae]]'' <small>Nammali et al. 2022</small>
* ''[[Nocardia colli|N. colli]]'' <small>Zhou et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Nocardia concava|N. concava]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2005</small>
<!-- "Nocardia corallina" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
<!-- Nocardia corynebacterioides was reclassified as Rhodococcus corynebacterioides. -->
* ''[[Nocardia coubleae|N. coubleae]]'' <small>Rodríguez-Nava et al. 2007</small>
* ''[[Nocardia crassostreae|N. crassostreae]]'' <small>Friedman et al. 1998</small>
<!-- Nocardia cummidelens was reclassified as Nocardia salmonicida. -->
* ''[[Nocardia cyriacigeorgica|N. cyriacigeorgica]]'' <small>corrig. Yassin et al. 2001</small>
<!-- Nocardia cyriacigeorgici is a misspelling of Nocardia cyriacigeorgica. -->
<!-- "Nocardia dassonvillei" was reclassified as "Actinomadura dassonvillei". -->
* ''[[Nocardia donostiensis|N. donostiensis]]'' <small>Ercibengoa et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Nocardia elegans|N. elegans]]'' <small>Yassin and Brenner 2005</small>
* ''[[Nocardia endophytica|N. endophytica]]'' <small>Xing et al. 2011</small>
* ''[[Nocardia exalbida|N. exalbida]]'' <small>Iida et al. 2006</small>
* ''[[Nocardia farcinica|N. farcinica]]'' <small>Trevisan 1889 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Nocardia flavorosea|N. flavorosea]]'' <small>Chun et al. 1998</small>
* ''[[Nocardia fluminea|N. fluminea]]'' <small>Maldonado et al. 2001</small>
<!-- "Nocardia fructiferi" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
* ''[[Nocardia gamkensis|N. gamkensis]]'' <small>Le Roes and Meyers 2007</small>
* ''[[Nocardia gipuzkoensis|N. gipuzkoensis]]'' <small>Nouioui et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Nocardia globerula|N. globerula]]'' <small>(Gray 1928) Waksman and Henrici 1948 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Nocardia goodfellowii|N. goodfellowii]]'' <small>Sazak et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Nocardia grenadensis|N. grenadensis]]'' <small>Kämpfer et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Nocardia halotolerans|N. halotolerans]]'' <small>Nikou et al. 2015</small>
* ''[[Nocardia harenae|N. harenae]]'' <small>Seo and Lee 2006</small>
* ''[[Nocardia heshunensis|N. heshunensis]]'' <small>Huang et al. 2017</small>
* ''[[Nocardia higoensis|N. higoensis]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2004</small>
* ''[[Nocardia huaxiensis|N. huaxiensis]]'' <small>Zhuang et al. 2021</small>
<!-- Nocardia hydrocarbonoxydans was reclassified as Pseudonocardia hydrocarbonoxydans. -->
* ''[[Nocardia ignorata|N. ignorata]]'' <small>Yassin et al. 2001</small>
* ''[[Nocardia inohanensis|N. inohanensis]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2004</small>
<!-- "Nocardia interforma" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
<!-- "Nocardia intracellularis" was reclassified as Mycobacterium intracellulare. -->
* ''[[Nocardia iowensis|N. iowensis]]'' <small>Lamm et al. 2009</small>
<!-- "Nocardia italica" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
* ''[[Nocardia jejuensis|N. jejuensis]]'' <small>Lee 2006</small>
* ''[[Nocardia jiangsuensis|N. jiangsuensis]]'' <small>Bai et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Nocardia jiangxiensis|N. jiangxiensis]]'' <small>Cui et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Nocardia jinanensis|N. jinanensis]]'' <small>Sun et al. 2009</small>
* ''[[Nocardia kroppenstedtii|N. kroppenstedtii]]'' <small>Jones et al. 2014</small>
* ''[[Nocardia kruczakiae|N. kruczakiae]]'' <small>Conville et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Nocardia lasii|N. lasii]]'' <small>Liu et al. 2017</small>
* "''[[Nocardia levis|N. levis]]''" <small>Kavitha et al. 2009</small>
* ''[[Nocardia lijiangensis|N. lijiangensis]]'' <small>Xu et al. 2006</small>
* "''[[Nocardia lurida|N. lurida]]''" <small>Theriault et al. 1986</small>
* ''[[Nocardia macrotermitis|N. macrotermitis]]'' <small>Benndorf et al. 2020</small>
* ''[[Nocardia mangyaensis|N. mangyaensis]]'' <small>Yang et al. 2019</small>
<!-- Nocardia mediterranea is a misspelling of Nocardia mediterranei, which was reclassified as Amycolatopsis mediterranei. -->
<!-- Nocardia mediterranei was reclassified as Amycolatopsis mediterranei. -->
* ''[[Nocardia mexicana|N. mexicana]]'' <small>Rodríguez-Nava et al. 2006</small>
* ''[[Nocardia mikamii|N. mikamii]]'' <small>Jannat-Khah et al. 2010</small>
* ''[[Nocardia miyunensis|N. miyunensis]]'' <small>Cui et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Nocardia neocaledoniensis|N. neocaledoniensis]]'' <small>Saintpierre-Bonaccio et al. 2004</small>
* ''[[Nocardia niigatensis|N. niigatensis]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2004</small>
* ''[[Nocardia ninae|N. ninae]]'' <small>Laurent et al. 2007</small>
* ''[[Nocardia niwae|N. niwae]]'' <small>Moser et al. 2011</small>
* "''[[Nocardia noduli|N. noduli]]''" <small>Nouioui et al. 2022</small>
* ''[[Nocardia nova|N. nova]]'' <small>Tsukamura 1983</small>
<!-- "Nocardia opaca" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
<!-- Nocardia orientalis was reclassified as Amycolatopsis orientalis. -->
* ''[[Nocardia otitidiscaviarum|N. otitidiscaviarum]]'' <small>corrig. Snijders 1924 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* "''[[Nocardia panacis|N. panacis]]''" <small>Hu et al. 2020</small>
* "''[[Nocardia paratuberculosis|N. paratuberculosis]]''" <small>Tsukamura 1982</small>
* ''[[Nocardia paucivorans|N. paucivorans]]'' <small>Yassin et al. 2000</small>
<!-- Nocardia petroleophila was reclassified as Pseudonocardia petroleophila. -->
* "''[[Nocardia phenotolerans|N. phenotolerans]]''" <small>Yassin et al. 1988</small>
* ''[[Nocardia pigrifrangens|N. pigrifrangens]]'' <small>Wang et al. 2004</small>
<!-- Nocardia pinensis was reclassified as Skermania piniformis. -->
* ''[[Nocardia pneumoniae|N. pneumoniae]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2004</small>
* ''[[Nocardia polyresistens|N. polyresistens]]'' <small>Xu et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis|N. pseudobrasiliensis]]'' <small>Ruimy et al. 1996</small>
* ''[[Nocardia pseudovaccinii|N. pseudovaccinii]]'' <small>Kim et al. 2002</small>
* ''[[Nocardia puris|N. puris]]'' <small>Yassin et al. 2003</small>
* ''[[Nocardia rayongensis|N. rayongensis]]'' <small>Tanasupawat et al. 2016</small>
<!-- "Nocardia recifei" was reclassified as Streptomyces recifensis. -->
<!-- Nocardia restricta was reclassified as Rhodococcus equi. -->
<!-- "Nocardia restrictus" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
* ''[[Nocardia rhamnosiphila|N. rhamnosiphila]]'' <small>Everest et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Nocardia rhizosphaerae|N. rhizosphaerae]]'' <small>Wang et al. 2015</small>
* ''[[Nocardia rhizosphaerihabitans|N. rhizosphaerihabitans]]'' <small>Ding et al. 2018</small>
<!-- "Nocardia rubra" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
<!-- Nocardia rugosa was reclassified as Prauserella rugosa. -->
* ''[[Nocardia salmonicida|N. salmonicida]]'' <small>(ex Rucker 1949) Isik et al. 1999</small>
<!-- Nocardia saturnea was reclassified as Pseudonocardia saturnea. -->
<!-- "Nocardia sebivorans" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
<!-- Nocardia senatus is a misspelling of Nocardia sienata. -->
* ''[[Nocardia seriolae|N. seriolae]]'' <small>Kudo et al. 1988</small>
* ''[[Nocardia shimofusensis|N. shimofusensis]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2004</small>
* ''[[Nocardia shinanonensis|N. shinanonensis]]'' <small>Matsumoto et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Nocardia sienata|N. sienata]]'' <small>corrig. Kageyama et al. 2004</small>
* "''[[Nocardia simplex|N. simplex]]''" <small>Jirasripongpun 2002</small>
<!-- Nocardia soli was reclassified as Nocardia salmonicida. -->
* ''[[Nocardia speluncae|N. speluncae]]'' <small>Seo et al. 2007</small>
* ''[[Nocardia stercoris|N. stercoris]]'' <small>Zhao et al. 2020</small>
* "''[[Nocardia suismassiliense|N. suismassiliense]]''" <small>Fellag et al. 2018</small>
<!-- Nocardia sulphurea was reclassified as Amycolatopsis sulphurea. -->
* ''[[Nocardia sungurluensis|N. sungurluensis]]'' <small>Camas et al. 2014</small>
* ''[[Nocardia takedensis|N. takedensis]]'' <small>Yamamura et al. 2005</small>
<!-- "Nocardia tartaricans" was not included in the Approved Lists. -->
* ''[[Nocardia tenerifensis|N. tenerifensis]]'' <small>Kämpfer et al. 2004</small>
* ''[[Nocardia tengchongensis|N. tengchongensis]]'' <small>Li et al. 2017</small>
* ''[[Nocardia terpenica|N. terpenica]]'' <small>Hoshino et al. 2007</small>
* "''[[Nocardia terrae|N. terrae]]''" <small>Kanchanasin et al. 2021</small>
* ''[[Nocardia testacea|N. testacea]]'' <small>corrig. Kageyama et al. 2004</small>
<!-- Nocardia testaceus is a misspelling of Nocardia testacea. -->
* ''[[Nocardia thailandica|N. thailandica]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Nocardia thraciensis|N. thraciensis]]'' <small>Sazak et al. 2012</small>
* ''[[Nocardia transvalensis|N. transvalensis]]'' <small>Pijper and Pullinger 1927 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
<!-- "Nocardia turbata" was reclassified as Oerskovia turbata. -->
* ''[[Nocardia uniformis|N. uniformis]]'' <small>(ex Marton and Szabó 1959) Isik et al. 1999</small>
* ''[[Nocardia vaccinii|N. vaccinii]]'' <small>Demaree and Smith 1952 (Approved Lists 1980)</small>
* ''[[Nocardia vermiculata|N. vermiculata]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2005</small>
* ''[[Nocardia veterana|N. veterana]]'' <small>Gürtler et al. 2001</small>
* ''[[Nocardia vinacea|N. vinacea]]'' <small>Kinoshita et al. 2002</small>
* ''[[Nocardia vulneris|N. vulneris]]'' <small>Lasker et al. 2015</small>
* ''[[Nocardia wallacei|N. wallacei]]'' <small>Conville et al. 2009</small>
* ''[[Nocardia xestospongiae|N. xestospongiae]]'' <small>Thawai et al. 2017</small>
* ''[[Nocardia xishanensis|N. xishanensis]]'' <small>Zhang et al. 2004</small>
* ''[[Nocardia yamanashiensis|N. yamanashiensis]]'' <small>Kageyama et al. 2004</small>
* ''[[Nocardia yunnanensis|N. yunnanensis]]'' <small>Zhang et al. 2019</small>
* ''[[Nocardia zapadnayensis|N. zapadnayensis]]'' <small>Ozdemir-Kocak et al. 2016</small>
* ''[[Nocardia zhihengii|N. zhihengii]]'' <small>Huang et al. 2019</small>
{{div col end}}

==Nomenclature==
The genus was named for [[Edmond Nocard]] (1850-1903), a French 19th-century veterinarian and biologist.<ref>{{cite book | last=Burkhardt | first=Lotte | title=Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen |trans-title=Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names | publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-946292-41-8 | url=https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2022|format=pdf |language=German |location=Berlin | doi=10.3372/epolist2022 |access-date=January 27, 2022}}</ref>

The genus was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by [[Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon|Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan di Saint-Léon]] in Ann. Inst. Pasteur vol.2 (Issue 6) on page 295 in 1888.<ref name="GBIF" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Further reading ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ishikawa J, Yamashita A, Mikami Y, Hoshino Y, Kurita H, Hotta K, Shiba T, Hattori M | display-authors = 6 | title = The complete genomic sequence of Nocardia farcinica IFM 10152 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 41 | pages = 14925–14930 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15466710 | pmc = 522048 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0406410101 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2004PNAS..10114925I }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Arceneaux J | chapter = ''Corynebacterium'' and Related Genera. | title = Lecture to 2nd Year Medical Students | publisher = University of Mississippi Medical Center | date = 4 April 2010 }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Greenwood D, Slack RC, Peutherer JF | title = Medical Microbiology: A Guide to Microbial Infections | edition = 16th | isbn = 0-443-07077-6 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Brown-Elliott BA, Brown JM, Conville PS, Wallace RJ | title = Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 259–82 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16614249 | pmc = 1471991 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.19.2.259-282.2006 | url = }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Mahon CR, Lehman DC | title = Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology | edition = 5th | publisher = Elsevier }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://nocardia.nih.go.jp Genome sequence of ''N. farcinica'' IFM 10152]
* [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Nocardia_farcinica MicrobeWiki's ''N. farcinica'' Page, Current as of June 2007]

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[[Category:Acid-fast bacilli]]
[[Category:Mycobacteriales]]
[[Category:Bacteria genera]]

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