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{{short description|Type of car engine}}
[[File:Nissan VQ35DE 005.jpg|250px|thumb|A [[cylinder head]] of a four [[poppet valve|valve]] [[Nissan VQ engine]] engine]]

A '''multi-valve''' or '''multivalve''' [[engine]] is one where each [[Cylinder (engine)|cylinder]] has more than two [[poppet valve|valves]] (an [[intake]], and an [[Exhaust system|exhaust]]). A multi-valve engine has better breathing, and with more smaller valves (having less mass in motion) may be able to operate at higher [[revolutions per minute]] (RPM) than a two-valve engine, delivering more [[power (physics)|power]].<ref name="KevinClemensDOHC">{{cite web |url=http://www.europeancarweb.com/features/0209ec_twin_cam_analysis/index.html |title=An Echo of the Past: The history and evolution of twin-cam engines (European Car, February, 2009) |author=Kevin Clemens |access-date=2011-12-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111045642/http://www.europeancarweb.com/features/0209ec_twin_cam_analysis/ |archive-date=2014-01-11 }}</ref><ref name="DanMcCosh4valves">{{cite web |url=http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=1QAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=37&query=Quad+4 |title=Auto Tech 88: 4-valves (Popular Science, May 1988, pp. 24, 37-40) |author=Dan McCosh |access-date=2011-12-23 |archive-date=2013-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602151732/http://www.popsci.com/archive-viewer?id=1QAAAAAAMBAJ&pg=37&query=Quad+4 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Multi-valve rationale ==

=== Multi-valve engine design ===

A multi-valve engine design has three, four, or five [[poppet valve|valves]] per cylinder to achieve improved performance.  In [[automotive engineering]], any four-stroke [[internal combustion engine]] needs at least two valves per cylinder: one for ''intake'' of air (and often fuel<ref name=fuel/>), and another for ''exhaust''  of combustion gases.  Adding more valves increases valve area and improves the flow of intake and exhaust gases, thereby enhancing [[combustion]], [[volumetric efficiency]], and [[Engine efficiency|power output]]. Multi-valve geometry allows the spark plug to be ideally located within the combustion chamber for optimal flame propagation. Multi-valve engines tend to have smaller valves that have lower [[reciprocating mass]], which can reduce wear on each [[Cam (mechanism)|cam]] lobe, and allow more power from higher [[revolutions per minute|RPM]] without the danger of [[valve float]]. Some engines are designed to open each intake valve at a slightly different time, which increases turbulence, improving the mixing of air and fuel at low engine speeds. More valves also provide additional cooling to the cylinder head. The disadvantages of multi-valve engines are an increase in manufacturing cost and a potential increase in oil consumption due to the greater number of valve stem seals. Some [[single overhead camshaft]] (SOHC) multi-valve engines (such as the [[Mazda B engine#B8|Mazda B8-ME]]) use a single fork-shaped rocker arm to drive two valves (generally the exhaust valves) so that fewer cam lobes will be needed in order to reduce manufacturing costs.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

{{anchor |Three-valve}}
* '''Three-valve cylinder head'''
This has a single large exhaust valve and two smaller intake valves.  A three-valve layout allows better breathing than a two-valve head, but the large exhaust valve results in an RPM limit no higher than a two-valve head. The manufacturing cost for this design can be lower than for a four-valve design. The three-valve design was common in the late 1980s and early 1990s; and from 2004 the main valve arrangement used in [[Ford F-Series]] trucks, and Ford SUVs. The [[Ducati ST3]] [[V-twin]] had 3-valve heads.

{{anchor |Four-valve}}
* '''Four-valve cylinder head'''
This is the most common type of multi-valve head, with two exhaust valves and two similar (or slightly larger) inlet valves.  This design allows similar breathing as compared to a three-valve head, and as the small exhaust valves allow high RPM, this design is very suitable for high power outputs.

{{anchor |Five-valve}}
* '''Five-valve cylinder head'''
Less common is the five-valve head, with two exhaust valves and three inlet valves.  All five valves are similar in size.  This design allows excellent breathing, and, as every valve is small, high RPM and very high power outputs are theoretically available.  Although, compared to a four-valve engine, a five-valve design should have a higher maximum RPM, and the three inlet ports should give efficient cylinder-filling and high gas turbulence (both desirable traits), it has been questioned whether a five-valve configuration gives a cost-effective benefit over four-valve designs. The rise of direct injection may also make five-valve heads more difficult to engineer, as the injector must take up some space on the head. After making five-valve [[Yamaha Genesis engine|Genesis engines]] for several years, [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] has since reverted to the cheaper four-valve design.

Examples of the five-valve engines are the various [[List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines#1.8 R4 20vT (EA113/EA827)|1.8 L 20vT engines]] manufactured by AUDI AG, the later versions of the [[Ferrari]] [[Ferrari Dino engine|Dino V8]], and the 1.6 L [[Toyota A engine#4A-GE (20-valve)|20-valve 4A-GE]] engine made by Toyota in collaboration with Yamaha.

{{anchor |Beyond}}
* '''Beyond five valves'''
For a cylindrical bore and equal-area sized valves, increasing the number of valves beyond five ''decreases'' the total valve area. The following table shows the effective areas of differing valve quantities as proportion of cylinder bore.  These percentages are based on simple geometry and do not take into account orifices for spark plugs or injectors, but these voids will usually be sited in the "dead space" unavailable for valves.  Also, in practice, intake valves are often larger than exhaust valves in heads with an even number of valves-per-cylinder:
* 2 = 50%
* 3 = 64%
* 4 = 68%
* 5 = 68%
* 6 = 66%
* 7 = 64%
* 8 = 61%

=== Alternative technologies ===

[[File:SUBARU EJ25 i-AVLS.jpg|thumb|Cutaway model of Subaru's [[Active Valve Control System|i-AVLS]] variable valve timing system on SOHC 4-valve-per-cylinder [[Subaru EJ engine|EJ25 boxer engine]] at Tokyo Motor Show 2007.]]
[[Turbocharging]] and [[Supercharger|supercharging]] are technologies that also improve engine breathing, and can be used instead of, or in conjunction with, multi-valve engines. The same applies to [[variable valve timing]] and [[variable-length intake manifold]]s. [[Rotary valve#Use in engine design|Rotary valves]] also offer improved engine breathing and high rev performance but these were never very successful. [[Cylinder head porting]], as part of [[engine tuning]], is also used to improve engine performance.

== Cars and trucks ==

=== Before 1914 ===
The 1908 Ariès VT race cars had 1.4 litre supercharged single cylinder engines with four valve per cylinder desmodromic systems. (Source: [https://www.desmodromology.nl/aries-2/ <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>])

The 1910 Isotta-Fraschini Tipo KM had a 10.6 litre inline 4 with single overhead camshaft and four valves per cylinder and it had one of the first engines with fully enclosed overhead valve gear (source: [[Isotta Fraschini Tipo KM]] [https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/16133/lot/316/] and [https://images2.bonhams.com/image?src=Images/live/2008-04/07/7637601-1-23.jpg&width=960])

The first motorcar in the world to have an engine with two overhead camshafts and four valves per cylinder was the 1912 [[Peugeot]] L76 Grand Prix race car designed by [[Ernest Henry (engineer)|Ernest Henry]]. Its 7.6-litre monobloc straight-4 with modern hemispherical combustion chambers produced {{cvt|148|bhp|kW}} (19.5 HP/Liter(0.32&nbsp;bhp per cubic inch)). In April 1913, on the Brooklands racetrack in England, a specially built L76 called ''"la Torpille"'' (torpedo) beat the world speed record of 170&nbsp;km/h.<ref name="KevinClemensDOHC" /> Robert Peugeot also commissioned the young [[Ettore Bugatti]] to develop a GP racing car for the 1912 Grand Prix. This chain-driven [[Bugatti Type 18]] had a 5-litre straight-4 with SOHC and three valves per cylinder (two inlet, one exhaust). It produced appr. {{convert|100|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 2800 rpm (0.30&nbsp;bhp per cubic inch) and could reach {{convert|99|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. The three-valve head would later be used for some of Bugatti's most famous cars, including the 1922 Type 29 Grand Prix racer and the legendary [[Bugatti Type 35|Type 35]] of 1924. Both Type 29 and Type 35 had a {{cvt|100|bhp|kW}} 2-liter SOHC 24-valve NA straight-8 that produced {{cvt|0.82|bhp|kW}} per cubic inch.

=== Between 1914 and 1945 ===

[[A.L.F.A. 40/60 GP]] was a fully working early racing car prototype made by the company now called [[Alfa Romeo]]. Only one example was built in 1914, which was later modified in 1921. This design of [[Giuseppe Merosi]] was the first Alfa Romeo [[DOHC]] engine. It had four valves per cylinder, 90-degree valve angle and twin-spark ignition.<ref name="velocetoday.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.velocetoday.com/cars/cars_75.php|title=Alfa Designers|access-date=2011-12-30|work=velocetoday.com}}</ref> The GP engine had a displacement of 4.5-liter (4490 cc) and produced {{convert|88|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 2950 rpm (14.7&nbsp;kW/liter), and after modifications in 1921 {{convert|102|bhp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 3000 rpm. The top speed of this car was 88-93&nbsp;mph (140–149&nbsp;km/h). It wasn't until the 1920s when these [[DOHC]] engines came to Alfa road cars like the [[Alfa Romeo 6C]].

In 1916 US automotive magazine ''Automobile Topics'' described a four-cylinder, four-valve-per-cylinder car engine made by Linthwaite-Hussey Motor Co. of Los Angeles, CA, USA: ''"Firm offers two models of high-speed motor with twin intakes and exhausts."''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OMDAAAAMBAJ |title=Engines: A Century of Progress (Popular Mechanics, Jan 1985, pp. 95-97, 120, 122) |author=Mort Schultz |access-date=2011-12-26 |date=January 1985 }}</ref>

Early multi-valve engines in [[T-head engine|T-head]] configuration were the 1917 ''Stutz'' straight-4, White Motor Car Model GL 327 CID Dual Valve Mononblock four, and 1919 ''Pierce-Arrow'' straight-6 engines. The standard [[Flathead engine|flathead]] engines of that day were not very efficient and designers tried to improve engine performance by using multiple valves. The [[Stutz Motor Company]] used a modified T-head with 16 valves, twin-spark ignition and aluminium pistons to produce 80&nbsp;bhp (59&nbsp;kW) at 2400 rpm from a 360.8 cid (5.8-liter) straight-4 (0.22&nbsp;bhp per cubic inch). Over 2300 of these powerful early multi-valve engines were built. Stutz not only used them in their famous [[Stutz Bearcat|Bearcat]] sportscar but in their standard touring cars as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/car-reviews/american/1500-1918-stutz-series-s-roadster |title=1918 Stutz Series S Roadster (Sportscarmarket.com, Friday, 31 March 2000) |author=Sports Car Market |access-date=2011-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116170520/http://www.sportscarmarket.com/car-reviews/american/1500-1918-stutz-series-s-roadster |archive-date=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://classiccardatabase.com/specs.php?series=2885&year=1918&model=21969 |title=1918 Stutz S Series Roadster Standard Specifications (Classic Car Database) |author=Classic Car Database |access-date=2011-12-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DPE_yAlErU  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/-DPE_yAlErU |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title= 16-valve Stutz block (YouTube.com video, May 6, 2010) |author=PaulFreehill |website= [[YouTube]] |access-date=2011-12-23 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> The mono block White Motor Car engine developed 72 horsepower and less than 150 were built, only three are known to exist today. In 1919 [[Pierce-Arrow]] introduced its 524.8 cid (8.6-liter) straight-6 with 24 valves. The engine produced 48.6&nbsp;bhp (0.09&nbsp;bhp per cubic inch) and ran very quietly, which was an asset to the [[Prohibition in the United States|bootlegger]]s of that era.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/FeatureCars.cfm?SaleCode=AZ12&CarID=r198&fc=0 |title=1919 Pierce-Arrow Model 48 Dual-Valve Four-Passenger (RM Auctions, Phoenix, AZ, USA) |author=RM Auctions |access-date=2011-12-23 |archive-date=2012-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112023839/http://www.rmauctions.com/FeatureCars.cfm?SaleCode=AZ12&CarID=r198&fc=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://classiccardatabase.com/specs.php?series=2687&year=1919&model=16436 |title=1919 Pierce Arrow 48-B-5 Series Touring Standard Specifications (Classic Car Database) |author=Classic Car Database |access-date=2011-12-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/default.aspx?carID=13542&i=2#menu |title=1919 Pierce Arrow Model 48 Specifications (Conceptcarz.com) |author=Conceptcarz.com |access-date=2011-12-23 }}</ref>

Multi-valve engines continued to be popular in racing and sports engines. Robert M. Roof, the chief engineer for Laurel Motors, designed his multi-valve ''Roof Racing Overheads'' early in the 20th century. Type A 16-valve heads were successful in the teens, Type B was offered in 1918 and Type C 16-valve in 1923. [[Frank Lockhart (racing driver)|Frank Lockhart]] drove a Type C overhead cam car to victory in Indiana in 1926.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nwvs.org/Technical/Engines/EngineRoofGrpAlpha.shtml |title=Roof Alphabetical Index and Images (nwvs.org) |author=Northwest Vintage Speedsters |access-date=2011-12-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtfca.com/HOF/Fame.htm |title=Robert M. Roof (MTFCA.com) |author=Model T Ford Club of America |access-date=2011-12-23 }}</ref>

[[Bugatti]] also had developed a 1.5-liter OHV straight-4 with four valves per cylinder as far back as 1914 but did not use this engine until after [[World War I]]. It produced appr. 30&nbsp;bhp (22.4&nbsp;kW) at 2700 rpm (15.4&nbsp;kW/liter or 0.34&nbsp;bhp/cid). In the 1920 Voiturettes Grand Prix at Le Mans driver Ernest Friderich finished first in a [[Bugatti Type 13]] with the 16-valve engine, averaging 91.96&nbsp;km/h. Even more successful was Bugattis clean sweep of the first four places at Brescia in 1921. In honour of this memorable victory all 16-valve-engined Bugattis were dubbed ''Brescia''. From 1920 through 1926 about 2000 were built.

[[Peugeot]] had a triple overhead cam 5-valve Grand Prix car in 1921.<ref name="SportsCarMarket1921Peugeot">{{cite web |url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/car-reviews/etceterini/1545-1921-peugeot-3-liter-racer |title=1921 Peugeot 3-liter Racer (Sportscarmarket.com, 30 June 1999) |author=Sports Car Market |access-date=2011-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024034712/http://www.sportscarmarket.com/car-reviews/etceterini/1545-1921-peugeot-3-liter-racer |archive-date=24 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Bentley]] used multi-valve engines from the beginning. The [[Bentley 3 Litre]], introduced in 1921, used a monobloc straight-4 with aluminium pistons, [[pent-roof combustion chamber]]s, twin spark ignition, SOHC, and four valves per cylinder. It produced appr. 70&nbsp;bhp (0.38&nbsp;bhp per cubic inch). The 1927 [[Bentley 4½ Litre]] was of similar engine design. The NA racing model offered 130&nbsp;bhp (0.48&nbsp;bhp per cubic inch) and the 1929 supercharged 4½ Litre (Blower Bentley) reached 240&nbsp;bhp (0.89&nbsp;bhp per cubic inch). The 1926 [[Bentley Speed Six|Bentley 6½ Litre]] added two cylinders to the monobloc straight-4. This multi-valve straight-6 offered 180-200&nbsp;bhp (0.45-0.50&nbsp;bhp per cubic inch). The 1930 [[Bentley 8 Litre]] multi-valve straight-6 produced appr. 220&nbsp;bhp (0.45&nbsp;bhp per cubic inch).

In 1931 the [[Stutz Motor Company]] introduced a 322 cid (5.3-liter) dual camshaft 32-valve straight-8 with 156&nbsp;bhp (116&nbsp;kW) at 3900 rpm, called DV-32. The engine offered 0.48&nbsp;bhp per cubic inch. About 100 of these multi-valve engines were built. Stutz also used them in their top-of-the-line sportscar, the DV-32 Super Bearcat that could reach 100&nbsp;mph (160&nbsp;km/h).<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/14/automobiles/honoring-the-original-american-sports-cars.html?pagewanted=all |title= Honoring the Original American Sports Cars (New York Times, August 12, 2011) |author=Donald Osborne |access-date=2011-12-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://classiccardatabase.com/specs.php?series=314&year=1932&model=22249 |title=1932 Stutz CD DV 32 Series Super Bearcat Standard Specifications (Classic Car Database) |author=Classic Car Database |access-date=2011-12-23 }}</ref>

The 1935 [[Duesenberg]] SJ Mormon Meteor's engine was a 419.6 cid (6.9-liter) straight-8 with DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder and a supercharger. It achieved 400&nbsp;bhp (298.3&nbsp;kW) at 5,000 rpm and 0.95&nbsp;bhp per cubic inch.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2480.html |title=1935 Duesenberg SJ Mormon Meteor (Supercars.net) |author=Richard Owen |access-date=2011-12-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z13996/Duesenberg-Model-SJ-Special-Mormon-Meteor.aspx |title=1935 Duesenberg SJ Special Mormon Meteor (Conceptcarz.com, March 2011) |author=Daniel Vaughan |access-date=2011-12-22 }}</ref>

The 1937 [[Mercedes-Benz W125]] racing car used a supercharged 5.7-liter straight-8 with DOHC and four valves per cylinder. The engine produced 592-646&nbsp;bhp (441.5-475&nbsp;kW) at 5800 rpm and achieved  1.71-1.87&nbsp;bhp per cubic inch (77.8-85.1&nbsp;kW/liter). The W125 top speed was appr. 200&nbsp;mph (322&nbsp;km/h).

=== After 1945 ===

[[File:3.5EcoboostCombustion.jpg|thumb|Combustion chamber of a 2009 [[Ford EcoBoost engine|Ford Ecoboost 3.5-liter turbocharged V6 petrol engine]] (77.8 kW/liter) showing two intake valves (right), two exhaust valves (left), centrally placed spark plug, and [[Gasoline direct injection|direct fuel injector]] (right).]]
The 1967 [[Cosworth DFV]] F1 engine, a NA 3.0-liter V8 producing appr. {{Convert|400|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 9,000 rpm (101.9&nbsp;kW/liter), featured four valves per cylinder. For many years it was the dominant engine in Formula One, and it was also used in other categories, including [[Champ Car|CART]], [[Formula 3000]] and [[Sportscar racing]].

Debuting at the 1968 Japanese Grand Prix in the original {{Convert|300|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} 3.0-liter version the [[Toyota 7]] engine participated in endurance races as a 5.0-liter (4,968 cc) non-turbo V8 with DOHC and 32-valves. It produced {{Convert|600|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}} at 8,000 rpm (88.8&nbsp;kW/liter) and {{Convert|55.0|kgm|Nm lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 6,400 rpm.

There is much discussion about which was the first 'mass-produced' car to use an engine with four valves per cylinder.  For six cylinder engines, and considering special versions of mass-produced cars, the first appears to have been the 1969 [[Nissan Skyline]], using the Nissan [[Nissan S20 engine|S20]] six cylinder DOHC four-valve engine.  This engine was also fitted to [[Nissan Fairlady]] Z432 racing edition.

For a four-cylinder engine, the first mass-produced car using a four valves per cylinder engine was the British [[Ford Escort RS1600]], this car used the Cosworth BDA engine which was a Ford 'Kent' block with a [[Cosworth]] 16 valve twin cam cylinder head. The car went on to become a rallying legend in the 1970s winning many domestic and World Championship events. Other cars claiming to be first are the [[Jensen Healey]], launched in 1972 which used a [[Lotus 907]] belt-driven DOHC 16-valve 2-liter straight-4 producing 140&nbsp;bhp (54.6&nbsp;kW/liter, 1.20&nbsp;bhp/cid). All of these, although mass-produced, are also of relatively limited production, so it is argued that the first widely available and popularly priced mass-production car with a four valve per cylinder engine was the 1973 [[Dolomite Sprint|Triumph Dolomite Sprint]].  This Triumph used an in-house developed SOHC 16-valve 1,998 cc (122 ci) straight-4 engine that produced 127&nbsp;bhp (47.6&nbsp;kW/liter, 1.10&nbsp;bhp/cid) at introduction.

The 1975 [[Chevrolet Cosworth Vega]] featured a DOHC multi-valve head designed by [[Cosworth|Cosworth Engineering]] in the UK. This 122-cubic-inch straight-4 produced {{Convert|110|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 5600 rpm (0.90&nbsp;bhp/cid; 41.0&nbsp;kW/liter) and {{Convert|107|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} at 4800 rpm.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/1975_Cosworth_Vega_Ad.jpg |title=1975 Cosworth Vega advertisement (Motor Trend Magazine, 1975)|access-date=2011-12-23 }}{{dead link|date=January 2022|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

The 1976 [[Fiat 131#Series 1|Fiat 131 Abarth]] (51.6&nbsp;kW/liter), 1976 [[Lotus Esprit]] with [[Lotus 907]] engine (54.6&nbsp;kW/liter, 1.20&nbsp;bhp/cid), and 1978 [[BMW M1]] with [[BMW M88]] engine (58.7&nbsp;kW/liter, 1.29&nbsp;bhp/cid) all used four valves per cylinder. The BMW M88/3 engine was used in the 1983 [[BMW M6]]35CSi and in the 1985 [[BMW M5]].

The 1978 [[Porsche 935/78]] racer used a twin turbo 3.2-liter [[flat-6]] (845&nbsp;bhp/630&nbsp;kW@8,200 rpm; 784 Nm/578&nbsp;ft.lbs@6,600 rpm). The water-cooled engine featured four valves per cylinder and output a massive 196.2&nbsp;kW/liter. Porsche had to abandon its traditional aircooling because the multi-valve DOHC hampered aircooling of the spark plugs. Only two cars were built.

[[Ferrari]] developed their ''[[Ferrari Dino engine#Quattrovalvole|Quattrovalvole]]'' (or QV) engines in the 80s. Four valves per cylinder were added for the 1982 [[Ferrari 308 GTB|308]] and [[Ferrari Mondial|Mondial]] ''Quattrovalvole'', bringing power back up to the pre-[[fuel injection|FI]] high of {{Convert|245|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} . A very unusual Dino Quattrovalvole was used in the 1986 [[Lancia Thema|Lancia Thema 8.32]]. It was based on the 308 QV's engine, but used a split-plane crankshaft rather than the Ferrari-type flat-plane. The engine was constructed by [[Ducati]] rather than Ferrari, and was produced from 1986 through 1991. The Quattrovalvole was also used by Lancia for their attempt at the [[World Sportscar Championship]] with the [[Lancia LC2|LC2]]. The engine was twin-turbocharged and destroked to 2.65&nbsp;litres, but produced {{Convert|720|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} in qualifying trim. The engine was later increased to 3.0&nbsp;litres and increased power output to {{Convert|828|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The 1984 [[Ferrari Testarossa]] had a 4.9-liter [[flat-12]] with four valves per cylinder. Almost 7,200 Testarossa were produced between 1984 and 1991.

In 1985 [[Lamborghini]] released a [[Lamborghini Countach#5000QV|Countach ''Quattrovalvole'']], producing {{Convert|455|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}  from a 5.2-liter (5167 cc) [[Lamborghini V12]] engine (64.8&nbsp;kW/liter).

The [[Mercedes-Benz 190E 2.3-16]] with 16-valve engine debuted at the Frankfurt Auto Show in September 1983 after it set a world record at Nardo, Italy, recording a combined average speed of {{Convert|154.06|mi/h|km/h|2|abbr=on}} over the {{convert|50000|km|abbr=on}} endurance test. The engine was based on the 2.3-liter 8-valve 136&nbsp;hp (101&nbsp;kW) unit already fitted to the 190- and E-Class series. [[Cosworth]] developed the DOHC light alloy cast cylinder head with four large valves per cylinder. In roadgoing trim, the 190 E 2.3-16 produced 49&nbsp;hp (36&nbsp;kW) and 41&nbsp;ft•lbf (55 N•m) of torque more than the basic single overhead cam 2.3 straight-4 engine on which it was based offering {{Convert|185|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}  at 6,200 rpm (59.2&nbsp;kW/liter) and {{Convert|174|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}}  at 4,500 rpm. In 1988 an enlarged 2.5-liter engine replaced the 2.3-liter. It offered double valve timing chains to fix the easily snapping single chains on early 2.3 engines, and increased peak output by 17&nbsp;bhp (12.5&nbsp;kW) with a slight increase in torque. For homologation Evolution I (1989) and Evolution II (1990) models were produced that had a redesigned engine to allow for a higher rev limit and improved top-end power capabilities. The Evo II engine offered {{Convert|235|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}  from 2463 cc (70.2&nbsp;kW/liter).

[[Saab Automobile|Saab]] introduced a 16-valve head to their 2.0-liter (1985 cc) straight-4 in 1984 and offered the engine with and without turbocharger (65.5&nbsp;kW/liter and 47.9&nbsp;kW/liter respectively) in the [[Saab 900]] and [[Saab 9000]].

The 2.0-liter Nissan [[Nissan FJ engine|FJ20]] was one of the earliest [[straight-4]] mass-produced Japanese engines to have both a DOHC 16-valve configuration (four valves per cylinder, two intake, two exhaust) and [[electronic fuel injection]] (EFI) when released in October 1981 in the sixth generation [[Nissan Skyline]]. Peak output was {{Convert|148|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6,000 rpm and {{Convert|133|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} at 4,800 rpm. The FJ20 was also offered with a turbocharger, producing {{Convert|188|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 6,400 rpm and {{Convert|166|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} at 4,800 rpm.

Following Nissan's lead, Toyota released the 1.6-liter (1,587 cc) [[4AGE|4A-GE]] engine in 1983. The cylinder head was developed by [[Yamaha Motor Corporation]] and was built at Toyota's Shimayama plant. While originally conceived of as a two-valve design, Toyota and Yamaha changed the 4A-GE to a four-valve after a year of evaluation. It produced 115-140&nbsp;bhp (86-104&nbsp;kW) at 6,600 rpm (54.2-65.5&nbsp;kW/liter) and {{Convert|109|lbft|Nm|abbr=on}} at 5,800 rpm. To compensate for the reduced air speed of a multi-valve engine at low rpms, the first-to-second generation engines included the [[T-VIS]] intake system.

In 1986 [[Volkswagen]] introduced a multi-valved [[Volkswagen Golf Mk2#Golf GTI & GTI 16v|Golf GTI 16V]]. The 16-valve 1.8-liter straight-4 produced 139 PS (102&nbsp;kW; 137&nbsp;bhp) or 56.7&nbsp;kW/liter, almost 25% up from the 45.6&nbsp;kW/liter for the previous 8-valve Golf GTI engine.

The [[GM Quad-4 engine|GM Quad 4]] multi-valve engine family debuted early 1987. The Quad 4 was the first mainstream multi-valve engine to be produced by GM after the [[Chevrolet Cosworth Vega]]. The NA Quad 4 achieved {{Convert|1.08|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} per cubic inch (49.1&nbsp;kW/liter).<ref name="DanMcCosh4valves"/><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HOQDAAAAMBAJ |title=Quad 4: The Inside Story (Popular Mechanics, February 1988, pp.62-65) |author=Mike Allen |access-date=2011-12-23 |date=February 1988 }}</ref> Such engines soon became common as Japanese manufacturers adopted the multi-valve concept.

==== Three valves ====

[[File:Head D15A3.JPG|250px|thumb|A [[cylinder head]] from a 1987 [[Honda CRX|Honda CRX Si]] showing SOHC, rocker arms, valve springs, and other components. This is a multi-valve configuration with two intake valves and one exhaust valve for each cylinder.]]
The 1975 [[Honda Civic]] introduced Honda's 1.5-liter SOHC 12-valve straight-4 engines. Nissan's 1988–1992 SOHC [[Nissan KA engine|KA24E]] engine had three valves per cylinder (two intakes, one exhaust) as well. Nissan upgraded to DOHC after 1992 for some of their sports cars, including the [[Nissan 240SX|240SX]].

In 1988, Renault released a 12 valve version of its Douvrin 4 cylinder 2.0l SOHC.

Mercedes and Ford produced three-valve V6 and V8 engines, Ford claiming an 80% improvement in high RPM breathing without the added cost of a DOHC [[valve train]]. The Ford design uses one spark plug per cylinder located in the centre, but the Mercedes design uses two spark plugs per cylinder located on opposite sides, leaving the centre free to add a direct-to-cylinder fuel injector at a later date.

The 1989 [[Citroën XM]] was the first 3-valve diesel-engined car.

==== Four valves ====

[[File:NISSAN SR20VE CYL-HEAD 02.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Nissan SR engine#SR20VE|Nissan SR20VE]] 2.0-liter straight-4-cylinder head with [[DOHC]], Nissan's [[Neo VVL]] [[variable valve timing]] with lift control and four valves per cylinder.]]
[[File:Diesel engine valve train.JPG|250px|thumb|Multi-valve train of Volvo's 2005 truck diesel engine D13A, a 12.8-liter turbocharged straight-6 (21.1-28.1 kW/liter) with SOHC and four valves per cylinder located around a central injector, and VEB engine brake that operates both exhaust valves.]]
Examples of SOHC four-valve engines include the [[Honda]] [[Honda F engine|F-series]] engines, [[Honda D engine|D-series]] engines, all [[Honda J engine|J-series]] engines, the [[Honda R engine|R-series]] engines, the [[Mazda B engine#B8|Mazda B8-ME]], and the [[Chrysler SOHC V6 engine|Chrysler 3.5&nbsp;L V6 engine]].

The [[V12 engine]]s of many [[World War II]] fighter aircraft also used a SOHC configuration with four valves for each cylinder.

The 1993 [[Mercedes-Benz C-Class]] (OM604 engine) was the first 4-valve diesel-engined car.

==== Five valves ====

[[Peugeot]] had a triple overhead cam five-valve Grand Prix car in 1921.<ref name="SportsCarMarket1921Peugeot"/>

In April 1988 an [[Audi 100|Audi 200 Turbo Quattro]] powered by an experimental 2.2-liter turbocharged 25-valve straight-5 rated at 478&nbsp;kW/650 PS@6,200 rpm (217.3&nbsp;kW/liter) set two world speed records at [[Nardo]], Italy: 326.403&nbsp;km/h (202.8&nbsp;mph) for 1,000&nbsp;km (625 miles) and 324.509&nbsp;km/h (201.6&nbsp;mph) for 500 miles.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8odMlvCz19IC |title=Five valves for Audi (Popular Science, Jan 1990, pp. 35, 37)  |author=D. Sherman |access-date=2011-12-30 |date=January 1990 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brunnracing.info/projects/audi_200_turbo_quattro/audi_200_turbo_quattro.html |title=AUDI 200 N6000 - WORLD RECORD PROTOTYPE (Brunnracing.com, Dec 2011)  |author=Brunn Racing |access-date=2011-12-30 }}</ref>

[[Mitsubishi Motors|Mitsubishi]] were the first to market a car engine with five valves per cylinder, with the 548&nbsp;cc ''[[Mitsubishi 3G8 engine|3G81]]'' engine in their [[Mitsubishi Minica|Minica Dangan ZZ]] [[kei car]] in 1989.<ref name="wards">{{Cite journal | title = A baby that sprints: tiny Mitsubishi engine blasts off with five valves | journal = Ward's Auto World | issue = April 1989 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://autospeed.com.au/cms/article.html?&A=2705 |title=Mighty Minica ZZ-4 (Autospeed Issue 353, 19 October 2005) |author=Michael Knowling |access-date=2011-12-26 }}</ref>

[[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] designed the five-valve cylinder head for the [[Toyota A engine#4A-GE (20-valve)|20-valve 4A-GE]] engines made by Toyota for use in some [[Toyota Corolla]] models in Japan in 1991. Yamaha also developed five-valve Formula One engines, the 1989 [[Yamaha F1 engine|OX88]] V8, 1991 [[Jordan 192|OX99]] V12, 1993 [[Judd (engine)#Yamaha partnership|OX10]] V10 and 1996 [[Judd (engine)#Yamaha partnership|OX11]] V10, but none of these were very successful.
For their [[Yamaha YZ250F|YZ250F]] and [[Yamaha YZ450F|YZ450F]] motocross bikes, Yamaha developed five-valve engines.

[[Bugatti]] ([[Bugatti EB 110|EB 110]]), [[Ferrari]] ([[Ferrari F355|F355]], [[Ferrari 360|360]] and [[Ferrari F50|F50]]), [[Volkswagen]] - [[Audi]] ([[Audi Quattro]]) - [[Skoda Auto|Skoda]] ([[Skoda Octavia|Octavia vRS]]) and [[Toyota]] ([[Toyota A engine|4A-GE 20V]]) have all produced five-valve-engined vehicles.

==== Six valves ====

In 1985, [[Maserati]] made an experimental 2.0-liter turbo V6 engine with six valves per cylinder (three intakes, three exhaust). It achieved {{Convert|261|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 7,200 rpm (97.5&nbsp;kW/liter).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maserati-alfieri.co.uk/alfieri26.htm |title=Maserati Sei Valvole (Enrico's Maserati Pages, 2002–2004) |author=Ermanno Cozza & George Lipperts |access-date=2011-12-26 }}</ref>

==== Pushrod ====

Although most multi-valve engines have [[overhead camshaft]]s, either SOHC or [[DOHC]], a multivalve engine may be a pushrod [[overhead valve engine]] (OHV) design. [[General Motors|GM]] has revealed a three-valve version of its [[GM LS engine|Generation IV V8]] which uses [[pushrod]]s to actuate forked rockers, and  all Duramax V8 engines have four valves per cylinder with pushrods. Moreover, [[Cummins]] makes a four-valve OHV [[straight-six engine|straight six]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]], the [[Cummins B Series engine|Cummins B Series]] (now known as ISB). Ford also uses pushrods in its 6.7L Power Stroke 
engine using four pushrods, four rockers and four valves per cylinder. The 6.0 and 6.4 Powerstroke engine built by Navistar also used pushrods with four-valve heads. Pushrod multi-valve systems are common on diesels because they need to be able to meet emissions standards, but also produce more low-end torque. The Harley-Davidson ''Milwaukee Eight'' engine, introduced in 2016, uses four-valves per cylinder driven by pushrods and a single in-block camshaft.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bennett|first1=Jay|title=Milwaukee Eight Multi-Valve|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/motorcycles/a22601/harley-davidson-new-engine-milwaukee-eight/|website=Popular Mechanics|publisher=HEARST DIGITAL MEDIA|access-date=16 August 2017|date=2016-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cook|first1=Marc|title=HD Pushrods|url=http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/harleys-all-new-milwaukee-eight-big-twin#page-4|website=Motorcyclist Online|publisher=Bonnier Corporation|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref>

==== Turbocharged ====

The 1980 [[Lotus Esprit#Essex Turbo Esprit .281980.29|Lotus Essex Turbo Esprit]] (with [[Lotus 900 series#Type 910 and 910S|type 910]] 2.2-liter inline four engine) was the first production car to use a multi-valve [[Turbocharger|turbocharged]] engine.

== Motorcycles ==
[[File:Ovalpiston.jpg|250px|thumb|Rare 8-valve-per-cylinder arrangement of 1979 [[Honda NR500]] V4 GP motorcycle engine with oval pistons and dual piston rods. The [[DOHC]] 500 cc engine delivered over 115 PS@19,000 rpm (170 kW/liter).]]
Examples of motorcycles with multivalve-engines include:
* 1914 [[Peugeot]] Grand Prix racer, 500 cc DOHC 8-valve parallel twin (top speed over 122&nbsp;km/h).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thebestmotorcycles-oi.blogspot.com/2010/01/peugeot-racers-part-1.html |title=Peugeot Racers - Part 1 (The Best Motorcycle, Jan 26, 2010) |author= Yves J. Hayat & Bernard Salvat |access-date=2011-12-27 }}</ref>
* 1915 [[Indian (motorcycle)|Indian]] [[Board track racing|board track racer]], 61-cid (1.0-liter) OHV 8-valve V-twin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfEZyCccKTs  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/TfEZyCccKTs |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=1915 Indian 8 Valve Boardtrack Racer (YouTube.com video, Mar 18, 2010) |author=Yesterdays.nl |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2011-12-27 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* 1921 [[Triumph Ricardo]] 499 cc OHV 4-valve single-cylinder machine, copied by [[Rudge-Whitworth]] with their 1924 [[Rudge-Whitworth#Rudge Four|Rudge Four]] 350 cc OHV 4-valve single-cylinder machine, and 1929 [[Rudge Ulster]] 500 cc OHV 4-valve single-cylinder machine.
* 1923 [[Anzani|British Anzani]] 1098cc OHV 8-Valve V-twin, used in [[Morgan cars|Morgan three-wheelers]] and [[McEvoy Motorcycles|McEvoy]] motorcycles
* 1972 [[Honda XL250]] "pent-roof" SOHC 4-valve single-cylinder machine (the first mass-produced 4-valve motorcycle).
* 1973 [[Yamaha TX500]] "pent-roof" 500cc DOHC 8-valve parallel-twin (the first mass-produced DOHC 4-valve per cylinder motorcycle)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tobyfolwick.com/tx750/textual/cm1289.php |title=YAMAHA TX500/750: A QUESTION OF BALANCE |publisher=Tobyfolwick.com |access-date=2015-12-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134437/http://www.tobyfolwick.com/tx750/textual/cm1289.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1977 [[Honda CB400]] SOHC 6-valve parallel-twin.
* 1978 [[Honda CX series|Honda CX500]], a 498 cc SOHC, pushrod actuated OHV, 4-valve per cylinder V-twin; 1982 [[Honda CX500#CX500 Turbo|CX500 Turbo]] was the first factory multi-valve [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] motorcycle.
* 1978 [[Honda CBX1000]], a 1,047 cc DOHC 24-valve straight-6 ({{Convert|105|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}}).
* 1979 -1992: [[Honda NR|Honda NR series]], racing & production motorcycles with '''8-valve-per-cylinder''' "oval-piston" V4 engines (actually 32-valve V8s with adjoining cylinders merged).
* 1985 [[Yamaha FZ750]] motorcycle with DOHC 20-valve straight-4 [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] [[Yamaha Genesis engine|"Genesis" engine]].
* 1991-2010 [[Yamaha TDM]] and [[Yamaha TRX850|TRX]] [[parallel twin]] motorcycles with 5 valves per cylinder
* 1998–2006 [[Yamaha YZF-R1]] [[superbike]] with redesigned (more compact) [[Yamaha Genesis engine|"Genesis" engine]]. 2006 model delivered {{Convert|180|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 12,500 rpm (130.3&nbsp;kW/liter).

The [[Yamaha XT660]] single once had five valves per cylinder, but a subsequent redesign reduced the valve-count to four. The Aprilia Pegaso 650 single also started out with five valves, but current models only have four. The jointly developed [[BMW F650 single]] always had four valves.

== Aircraft ==
[[File:Jumo 213 A-G1 im Technikmuseum Hugo Junkers Dessau 2008-08-06 Detail 01.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Sectioned Junkers Jumo 213, showing three-valve design]]
[[File:Benz BZ 4S.jpg|250px|thumb|1916 [[Benz Bz.IV]] 19-liter water-cooled straight-6 aircraft engine with aluminium pistons, dual camshaft and four valves per cylinder achieved 230 bhp/170 kW@1,400 rpm (9.0 kW/liter). Appr. 6,400 engines were produced.]]
[[File:Rolls-Royce Merlin Cylinders.JPG|250px|thumb| Cutaway view of 1941 [[Packard V-1650|Packard Merlin 28]] V12 aircraft engine showing SOHC and four valves per cylinder. This widely used [[Supercharger|supercharged]] WWII engine produced {{Convert|1390|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} from 1,649 cid (38.5 kW/liter).]]
[[Ettore Bugatti]] designed several multi-valve aircraft engines. The 1916 [[Bugatti U-16]] 1484.3 cid (24.32 L) SOHC 16-cylinder, consisting of two parallel 8-cylinder banks, offered 410&nbsp;bhp (305&nbsp;kW) at 2,000 rpm (12.5&nbsp;kW/liter or 0.28&nbsp;bhp/cid). Each cylinder had two vertical inlet valves and a single vertical exhaust valve, all driven by rocking levers from the camshaft. Other advanced [[World War I]] aircraft engines, such as the 1916 [[Maybach Mb.IVa]] that produced {{Convert|300|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at altitude and the 1916 [[Benz Bz.IV]] with aluminium pistons and the 1918 [[Napier Lion]] (a 450&nbsp;bhp 24-liter DOHC 12-cylinder), used two intake valves and two exhaust valves.

Long after the King-Bugatti "U-16" aviation engine used them, shortly before World War II, the [[Junkers]] aviation firm began production of the Third Reich's most-produced military aviation engine (68,000+ produced), the 1936-designed, 35-litre displacement, inverted-V12, liquid-cooled [[Junkers Jumo 211]], which used a three-valve cylinder head design<ref>[http://www.enginehistory.org/German/Jumo%20211/j26.jpg German language illustration of Jumo 211 three-valve design]</ref> inherited from Junkers' first inverted V12 design, the 1932-origin [[Junkers Jumo 210]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1937/1937%20-%202509.html?search=three%20valve |title=Flight Magazine, September 9, 1937 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=September 9, 1937 |page=265 |website=flightglobal.com |publisher=Flightglobal Archive |access-date=March 15, 2017 |quote=At the recent international meeting at Zürich, several of the successful German machines were fitted with the new Junkers 210 petrol engine...'''Three valves per cylinder are provided, two inlets and one exhaust,''' operated by push rods and rockers from a single camshaft.}}</ref> — this was carried through into the later, more powerful 1940-origin [[Junkers Jumo 213]], produced through 1945, the production versions of which (the Jumo 213A and -E subtypes) retained the Jumo 211's three-valve cylinder head design.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enginehistory.org/German/Jumo213/Jumo213.shtml |title=The Junkers Jumo 213 Engine |last=Culy |first=Doug |date=April 4, 2012 |website=enginehistory.org |publisher=Aircraft Engine Historical Society |access-date=March 15, 2017 |quote=The Jumo 213 had a three-valve head, but a four-valve head was in development for the “J” version. However, the Jumo 213A is documented as itself having superior high altitude performance at that particular point in time, although the DB 603 was later developed with equal or better features. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221130406/http://www.enginehistory.org/German/Jumo213/Jumo213.shtml |archive-date=December 21, 2016 }}</ref>

The [[V12 engine]]s of many [[World War II]] fighter aircraft used a SOHC configuration with four valves for each cylinder.

An example of a modern multi-valve piston-engine for small aircraft is the [[Austro Engine]] [[Austro Engine E4|AE300]]. This liquid-cooled turbocharged 2.0-liter (1,991 cc) DOHC 16-valve straight-4 '''diesel''' engine uses common rail direct fuel injection and delivers {{Convert|168|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} at 3,880 rpm (62.0&nbsp;kW/liter). The propeller is driven by an integrated gearbox (ratio 1.69:1) with torsional vibration damper. Total power unit weight is {{Convert|185|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}.

== Boats ==
In 1905 car builder [[Delahaye]] had experimented with a [[DOHC]] marine racing engine with six valves per cylinder. This Delahaye '''Titan''' engine was a massive 5190 cid (85.0-liter) four-cylinder that produced 350&nbsp;bhp (0.07&nbsp;bhp/cid). It allowed the motor boat ''Le Dubonnet'' piloted by [[Emile Dubonnet]] to set a new world's speed record on water, reaching {{Convert|33.80|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} on the lake at [[Juvisy]], near [[Paris]], [[France]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w07kz8QiXygC |title=Classic Speedboats 1916–1939 (Motorbooks International, 1997, p.16, ISBN 0-7603-0464-5)  |author=Gérald Guétat |access-date=2011-12-23 |isbn=9780760304648 |date=1998-01-10 }}</ref>

An example of modern multi-valve engines for small boats is the [[Volvo Penta|Volvo Penta IPS Series]]. These joystick-operated seawater-cooled inboard diesel engines use combined charging (turbo and supercharger, except IPS450) with aftercooler, common rail fuel injection and DOHCs with hydraulic 4-valve technology. Propshaft power ranges from {{Convert|248|to|850|bhp|kW PS|0|abbr=on}} (highest efficiency 59.7&nbsp;kW/liter for IPS400 3.7-liter straight-4 diesel). Multiple units can be combined.

== References ==
<ref name=fuel>In direct injection engines - such as diesels and later petrol engines - fuel is delivered to the chamber directly via the injector rather than through a valve. In carburetted engines and indirect-injection engines the fuel is mixed with the air outside of the cylinder and both enter together via the intake valve.</ref>
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/index.php Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL)] - Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an [http://kmoddl.library.cornell.edu/e-books.php e-book library] of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.

{{Piston engine configurations}}
{{Automotive engine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Multi-Valve}}
[[Category:Engine technology]]
[[Category:Engine valves]]

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