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{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Comet
| name=P/2007 R5 (SOHO)
| discoverer= [[Terry Lovejoy|T. Lovejoy]]<br />[[Kazimieras Černis|K. Černis]]<br />B. Zhou<br />[[Sebastian F. Hönig|S. F. Hönig]]
| discovery_date=September 4, 1999
| designations=P/1999 R1, P/2003 R5, P/2007 R5, P/2011 R4
| epoch = 2019-08-25<br/>([[Julian day|JD]] 2458720.5)<ref name=MPC/>
| observation_arc = 15.9 years
| obs = 318
| Earth_moid = {{Convert|0.092|AU|km|abbr=on}}
| tjup = 2.347
| semimajor=2.509 [[Astronomical Unit|AU]]
| perihelion=0.0507 AU<br/>(16% of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]'s perihelion)
| aphelion=4.967 AU
| eccentricity=0.9798
| period=3.97 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]]
| inclination= 11.46°
| M1 = 19.00 ± 0.09
| max_speed = 187 km/s (2023)<ref name="Horizons2023"/>
| min_speed = 1.9 km/s (2017-Sep-01)
| dimensions = ~100-200 m
| last_p=August 31, 2019<ref name=MPC/><br/>September 4, 2015<ref name=MPC/><br />September 7, 2011<ref name=MPC/><br />September 11, 2007<ref name=MPC/>
| next_p=August 21, 2023<ref name="Horizons2023"/>
}}

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:11px; float:right; margin:2px"
|- bgcolor= style="font-size: smaller;"
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"|'''Perihelion distance<br/>at different epochs'''<ref name="Kinoshita"/>
|-
! [[Perihelion]]<br/>date  !! [[Perihelion]]<br/>([[Astronomical unit|AU]])
|-
| 1955-04-18 || 0.0651
|-
| 1983-08-08 || 0.0597
|-
| 1999-09-05 || 0.0563
|-
| 2015-09-04 || 0.0535
|-
| 2019-08-31 || 0.0506
|-
| 2023-08-21 || 0.0501
|-
| 2027-08-11 || 0.0505
|-
| 2031-08-01 || 0.0479
|-
| 2047-05-23 || 0.0451
|}

Comet '''322P/SOHO''', also designated '''P/1999 R1''', '''P/2003 R5''', '''P/2007 R5''', and '''P/2011 R4''', is the first [[periodic comet]] to be discovered using the automated telescopes of the [[Solar and Heliospheric Observatory|SOHO]] ([[Sun|SOlar]] and Heliospheric Observatory) [[spacecraft]], and second to be given a numbered designation, after [[321P/SOHO]]. [[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|JPL Horizons]] next predicts 322P to come to [[Apsis|perihelion]] (closest approach to the Sun) on 21 August 2023 at around [[apparent magnitude]] 6 and only 3 degrees from the Sun.<ref name="Horizons2023"/> At perihelion it is six times closer to the Sun than the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] is at perihelion.

The periodicity of this comet was predicted by [[Sebastian F. Hönig|Sebastian Hönig]], a German graduate student and prolific asteroid discoverer, in 2006.<ref name=NGS/> The announcement of the new periodic comet was made after the predicted return was confirmed by SOHO and observer Bo Zhou on 10 September 2007.<ref name=MPEC2007-S16/> Out of approximately 1,350 SOHO-observed [[sungrazer]] comets, this is the first to be verified as a [[short-period comet]]; most sungrazers are [[long-period comet]]s on near-parabolic orbits that do not repeat for thousands of years, if at all.

As it passed to within 7.9 million kilometres of the Sun, around 0.05 [[Astronomical unit|AU]], it brightened by a factor of around a million. This is common behavior for a comet.<ref name=esa/>

P/2007 R5 is probably an [[extinct comet]].  Extinct comets are those that have expelled most of their volatile ice and have little left to form a tail or [[Coma (cometary)|coma]]. They are theorized to be common objects amongst the celestial bodies orbiting close to the Sun.  P/2007 R5 (SOHO) is probably only 100–200 meters in diameter.<ref name=esa/>

It was expected to return in September 2011,<ref name=esa/> and was recovered by B. Zhou on September 6, 2011. It has a 2.8 hour light curve period suggesting its rotation. It is uncertain whether to classify it as a dead comet or asteroid.<ref name="Zhou2011"/>

Discovery credit goes to [[Terry Lovejoy]] (Australia, 1999), [[Kazimieras Černis]] (Lithuania, 2003), and Bo Zhou (China, 2007).

The second periodic comet discovered by SOHO is [[P/2003 T12]] (SOHO).<ref name="second"/>

It was observed again in September 2019.<ref>[https://www.syfy.com/syfywire/the-case-of-the-sun-diving-asteroid-that-thinks-its-a-comet The case of the Sun-diving asteroid that thinks it's a comet] Phil Plait, September 4, 2019</ref> On April 11, 1947 it passed about {{convert|7.1|+/-|0.22|e6km|abbr=unit|sigfig=2}} from Earth.<ref name=jpldata/><ref name="Horizons1947"/>

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=NGS>{{cite news 
  |last = Jaggard |first = Victoria
  |title = Photo in the News: Sun Probe Spies New Periodic Comet
  |work = National Geographic News
  |publisher = National Geographic Society
  |date = 2007-09-25
  |url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/09/070925-new-comet.html
  |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011195630/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/09/070925-new-comet.html
  |url-status = dead
  |archive-date = October 11, 2007
  |access-date = 2007-09-25 }}</ref>

<ref name=MPEC2007-S16>{{Citation
  |last = Marsden |first = Brian
  |title = MPEC 2007-S16 : COMET P/1999 R1 = 2003 R5 = 2007 R5 (SOHO)
  |journal = Minor Planet Electronic Circular
  |issue = 2007-S16
  |date = 18 September 2007
  |url = http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/mpec/K07/K07S16.html }}</ref>

<ref name=esa>{{cite web
 |date=25 September 2007
 |title=SOHO's new catch: its first officially periodic comet
 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]]
 |url=http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMAU2C1S6F_index_0.html
 |access-date=2007-11-19}}</ref>

<ref name="Zhou2011">{{cite web
  |date=2011-09-07
  |title=Recent comet discoveries 2123-2137
  |publisher=Yahoo Groups: SOHO Hunter
  |author=Rainer Kracht
  |url=http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/sohohunter/message/3444
  |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105111734/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/sohohunter/message/3444
  |url-status=dead
  |archive-date=January 5, 2013
  |access-date=2011-09-11}}</ref>

<ref name="second">{{cite web
  |date=Jan 30, 2012
  |title=The tale of a very shy comet...
  |publisher=Sungrazing Comets @ Navy.mil
  |author=Karl Battams
  |url=http://sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil/index.php?p=news/the_shy_comet
  |access-date=2012-01-30}}</ref>

<ref name=MPC>{{cite web
  |title=322P/SOHO Orbit
  |url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=322P
  |publisher=[[Minor Planet Center]]
  |access-date=2017-04-10}}</ref>

<ref name="Kinoshita">{{cite web
  |title=322P/SOHO past, present and future orbital elements
  |url=http://jcometobs.web.fc2.com/pcmtn/0322p.htm
  |work=Comet Orbit
  |first=Kazuo |last=Kinoshita
  |date=2015-06-09
  |access-date=2023-08-16}}</ref>

<ref name=jpldata>{{cite web
  |title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 322P/SOHO
  |type=last observation used: 2015-08-08
  |publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
  |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=322P&view=OPC
  |access-date=2023-08-16}}</ref>

<ref name="Horizons1947">{{cite web
  |title=Horizons Batch for 1947-Apr-11 Earth approach uncertainty
  |publisher=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|JPL Horizons]]
  |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27322P%27&START_TIME=%271947-Apr-11%2004:00%27&STOP_TIME=%271947-Apr-12%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720,39%27
  |accessdate=2023-08-16}} RNG_3sigma = uncertainty range in km. (JPL#10/Soln.date: 2016-Oct-27)</ref>

<ref name="Horizons2023">{{cite web
  |title=Horizons Batch for 322P/SOHO on 2023-Aug-21
  |publisher=[[JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System|JPL Horizons]]
  |type=Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive
  |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27322P%27&START_TIME=%272023-Aug-20%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-Aug-22%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%279,19,22,23%27
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624014734/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27322P%27&START_TIME=%272023-Aug-20%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-Aug-22%27&STEP_SIZE=%271%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27
  |archive-date=2023-06-24
  |url-status=live
  |accessdate=2023-08-12}} (JPL#10/Soln.date: 2016-Oct-27)</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

== External links ==
* [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=P/2007+R5;orb=1#orb Orbital simulation] from JPL (Java) / [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=P/2007+R5 Ephemeris]
* [http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/hotshots/2007_09_24/ SOHO's first officially periodic comet]
* [http://sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil/ SOHO Comets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525060147/http://sungrazer.nrl.navy.mil/ |date=May 25, 2015 }} (view real-time images)

{{Comets}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SOHO, 322P}}
[[Category:Extinct comets|*]]
[[Category:Near-Earth comets|322P]]
[[Category:Numbered comets|0322]]
[[Category:Discoveries by SOHO|322P]]
[[Category:Comets in 2015]]
[[Category:Comets in 2023|20230821]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1999|19990904]]

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