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{{Short description|Pacific typhoon in 1881}}
{{Infobox weather event
| image = 1881 Haiphong Typhoon track.png
| caption = Track of the 1881 Haiphong typhoon
| formed = September 27, 1881
| dissipated = October 8, 1881
}}{{Infobox weather event/meteorology
| category = ty
| pressure = 957
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| fatalities = 3,000
| areas = {{flatlist|
* [[Haiphong]], Northern Vietnam
* Luzon, [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] (now Philippines)}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1881 Pacific typhoon season]]
}}
{{History of Hải Phòng}}
The '''1881 Haiphong typhoon''' was a devastating [[typhoon]] that struck [[Haiphong]], in northern [[Dai Nam]] (now [[Vietnam]]), and the northern part of the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] (now the [[Philippines]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.noah.dost.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Storm-Surge-Timeline-Infographic-23-Nov-2013-big.png |title=Philippine Storm Surge History |access-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108160953/http://blog.noah.dost.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Storm-Surge-Timeline-Infographic-23-Nov-2013-big.png |archive-date=2014-11-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> on October 8, 1881.<ref name=":1"/> The typhoon was first detected east of Southern Luzon on September 27, 1881. The typhoon killed about 3,000&nbsp;people in total.

==Meteorological history==
While the storm's strength is uncertain (like many disasters prior to the 20th century),<ref name=":1"/> records show that the storm was first detected near the Philippines in late September and the system hit [[Luzon]] on September 30. Once it was in the [[South China Sea]], it is speculated the storm strengthened again as it entered the Gulf of Tonkin, passing very close to [[Hainan]] before it hit the city of Haiphong.<ref name=":2"/> The storm then began to move northwards, before exiting China. The storm would go on to hit the Korean Peninsula, and then [[Japan]].

==Impacts==
The typhoon first moved through the Philippines, causing heavy damage on Camarines, Tayabas, and Batangas.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Henderson |first1=Faye |title=Tropical Cyclone Disasters in the Philippines, A Listing of Major Typhoons by Month through 1979 |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY550.pdf |publisher=Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance Agency for International Development |page=14}}</ref>

The city of Haiphong lies about 10 miles from the coast of the Gulf of Tonkin<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Haiphong-cyclone|title=Haiphong cyclone {{!}} tropical cyclone|last=|first=|date=|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=|access-date=2016-09-14}}</ref> and also on the Red River in a low elevation area (delta),<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Terry|first1=James P.|last2=Winspear|first2=Nigel|last3=Cuong|first3=Tran Quoc|date=2012-03-01|title=The 'terrific Tongking typhoon' of October 1881 - implications for the Red River Delta (northern Vietnam) in modern times|url=https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wea.882|journal=Weather|volume=67|issue=3|pages=72–75|doi=10.1002/wea.882|issn=0043-1656|bibcode=2012Wthr...67...72T|s2cid=123200315 |doi-access=free}}</ref> connected to an access channel. The town was founded seven years before the typhoon struck.<ref name=":1"/> Haiphong, being a low-lying port town, was devastated both physically and economically. Its geography only worsened the damage. With the high waves and winds, rice fields were flooded, buildings were decimated (and, as a result, people either were drowned or left stranded), trees were ripped up, etc. By the time the typhoon passed, most of the town was wiped out.<ref name=":2"/> Then, due to the inability to operate as a port town, Haiphong's economy also took impact.<ref name=":1"/>

The typhoon killed about 3,000&nbsp;people in Haiphong, Vietnam. There were erroneous reports that the typhoon was the third-deadliest tropical cyclone on record with a death toll of 300,000, but this was likely due to mixing the death toll with the damage total, as the city only had a population of 18,480 in 1897.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cerveny |first1=Randall |title=World: Highest Mortality, Tropical Cyclone |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-highest-mortality-tropical-cyclone |publisher=[[Arizona State University]] |accessdate=16 October 2020 |date=18 May 2017}}</ref><ref>Terry et al, 2012</ref>

== Aftermath ==

Any typhoon like the 1881 Haiphong typhoon would be a rare occurrence because its path around [[Hainan]] is what made it so strong by the time it hit Haiphong. It would take another 143 years for a typhoon like this to happen again - [[Typhoon Yagi]] in 2024 made landfall near Haiphong and wreaked havoc on the city. The Vietnamese government has also taken action in case of another severe typhoon hitting the area. Haiphong now has a flood defense system including dykes/levees (though not all of them are firm), a flood warning service provided by Vietnam's Meteorological Service, and evacuation plans. However, Haiphong still serves as a port (and a major one today), so any large storms will harm the economy.<ref name=":2"/>{{clear}}

==See also==
*[[Typhoon Son-Tinh]] (2012) – a Category 3 storm that intensified in the Gulf of Tonkin.
*[[Typhoon Haiyan]] (2013) – affected Vietnam as a weakening typhoon after it slammed the Philippines as a Category 5.
*[[Typhoon Yagi]] (2024) – a powerful typhoon that struck near the same area as a Category 4 storm.

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Pre-1940 Pacific typhoon seasons]]
[[Category:1881 in Asia]]
[[Category:1881 in the Philippines]]
[[Category:1881 in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:1881 in Vietnam]]
[[Category:1881 natural disasters|Haiphong]]
[[Category:1881 disasters in the Philippines]]
[[Category:19th-century disasters in Vietnam]]
[[Category:History of Haiphong]]
[[Category:Typhoons in the Philippines|1881]]
[[Category:Typhoons in Vietnam|1881]]
[[Category:September 1881 events]]
[[Category:October 1881 events]]
[[Category:1881 meteorology]]

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