1678
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
1678 (MDCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1678th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 678th year of the 2nd millennium, the 78th year of the 17th century, and the 9th year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1678, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
| 1678 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
| Gregorian calendar | 1678 MDCLXXVIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2431 |
| Armenian calendar | 1127 ԹՎ ՌՃԻԷ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6428 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1599–1600 |
| Bengali calendar | 1085 |
| Berber calendar | 2628 |
| English Regnal year | 29 Cha. 2 – 30 Cha. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2222 |
| Burmese calendar | 1040 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7186–7187 |
| Chinese calendar | 丁巳年 (Fire Snake) 4375 or 4168 — to — 戊午年 (Earth Horse) 4376 or 4169 |
| Coptic calendar | 1394–1395 |
| Discordian calendar | 2844 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1670–1671 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5438–5439 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1734–1735 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1599–1600 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4778–4779 |
| Holocene calendar | 11678 |
| Igbo calendar | 678–679 |
| Iranian calendar | 1056–1057 |
| Islamic calendar | 1088–1089 |
| Japanese calendar | Enpō 6 (延宝６年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1600–1601 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 10 days |
| Korean calendar | 4011 |
| Minguo calendar | 234 before ROC 民前234年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 210 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2220–2221 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴火蛇年 (female Fire-Snake) 1804 or 1423 or 651 — to — 阳土马年 (male Earth-Horse) 1805 or 1424 or 652 |
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 10 – England and the Dutch Republic sign a mutual defense treaty in order to fight against France.
- January 27 – The first fire engine company in North America goes into service in Boston.[1]
- February 18 – The first part of English nonconformist preacher John Bunyan's Christian allegory The Pilgrim's Progress is published in London.[2]
- March 21 – Thomas Shadwell's comedy A True Widow is given its first performance, at The Duke's Theatre in London, staged by the Duke's Company.[3]
- March 23 – Revolt of the Three Feudatories in southern China: rebel general Wu Sangui, lord of the Yunnan fief, takes the imperial crown, names himself monarch of "The Great Zhou", based in the Hunan province, with Hengyang as his capital. He contracts dysentery over the summer and dies on October 2, ending the rebellion against the Kangxi Emperor.[4][5]
- March 25 – The Spanish Netherlands city of Ypres falls after a seven-day siege by the French Army. It is later returned to the Netherlands and eventually becomes part of Belgium.
- March 28 – The nova V529 Orionis is discovered by Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius (Jan Heweliusz).[6]
April–June
[edit]- April 2 – Ignatius Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin is enthroned as the Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church in Aleppo, after receiving recognition by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV and by Pope Innocent XI.
- April 12 – The Treaty of Casco Bay is signed between officials of the Province of New York and the Penobscot tribe and the Wabanaki Confederacy, bringing an end to further fighting that has happened in the two years since the end of King Philip's War in the modern-day U.S. state of Maine. Under the terms of the treaty, English settlers pay rent to the Penobscots and are given back farm land that had been confiscated in the war, while the English settlers agree to respect the Penobscot land rights.[7]
- May 11 – French admiral Jean d'Estrees runs his whole fleet aground in either the Las Aves Archipelago or Isla de Aves, intending to reach Curaçao.[8]
- June 10 – French buccaneer Michel de Grammont arrives at Spanish-held Venezuela with six pirate ships, 13 smaller craft, and 2,000 men in a daring raid on the South American territory, then leads half of his force inward toward Maracaibo, which he takes on June 14. During the rest of the month, he and his soldiers march inland as far as Trujillo. Grammont and his pirates finally depart on December 3.[9]
- June 25 – Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia becomes the first woman to be awarded a university degree, a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Padua.[10]
July–September
[edit]- July 23 – The Battle of Ortenbach, one of the last major engagements of the Franco-Dutch War, takes place near Offenburg at the Rhine river in southwestern Germany, as French forces under the command of François de Créquy overwhelm a larger force of Holy Roman Empire troops commanded by the Duke of Lorraine, Karl V Leopold.
- July 29 – Muhammad Azam Shah is appointed as the Mughal Governor of Bengal by his father, the Emperor Aurangzeb, but serves for a little more than a year before being recalled from Dhaka.[11]
- August 10 – The Treaties of Nijmegen end the Franco-Dutch War.[12] The County of Burgundy is ceded to the Kingdom of France.[13]
- August 14–15 – The Battle of Saint-Denis is fought after the signing of peace in the Franco-Dutch War.[14]
- August 21 – On the island of Java in modern-day Indonesia, the Kediri campaign begins as Mataram Sultanate and Dutch East India Company (VOC) forces under the command of VOC Captain François Tack begin marching from Jepara toward Kediri to suppress the Trunajaya rebellion that had driven out the Mataram Sultan. They are joined by two other columns of troops over the next fortnight.
- September 5 – Sultan Amangkurat II of Mataram sets off from Jepara with the main force in the Kediri campaign, leading native troops, along with VOC forces under the command of Anthonio Hurdt, leader of the campaign.[15]
- September 6 – Titus Oates begins to present allegations of the "Popish Plot", a supposed Roman Catholic conspiracy to assassinate king Charles II of England.[16] Oates applies the term Tory to those who disbelieve his allegations.
- September 17 – The Franco-Dutch War between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic (and its allies) comes to an end after more than six years as the Treaties of Nijmegen bring about a ceasefire.[17]
October–December
[edit]- October 17 – English magistrate Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey is found murdered in Primrose Hill, London.[18] His death is seen as proof of the "Popish Plot" to the public.[19]
- November 11 (November 1 O.S.) – England's House of Commons votes to begin impeachment proceedings against five Roman Catholic members of the House of Lords, Viscount Stafford, the Marquess of Powis, Baron Arundell, Baron Petre and Baron Belasyse accused by Protestant members as participating in a "Popish Plot". Viscount Stafford is convicted and executed, while the other four are imprisoned in the Tower of London for more than five years.
- November 25 – The Kediri campaign is successfully concluded in Indonesia as Anthonio Hurdt and Sultan Amangkurat II capture Kediri and force the rebel Prince Trunajaya to flee.
- November 26 – William Staley, an English banker and a Roman Catholic, becomes the first person to be executed in connection with the "Popish Plot" arrests.[20][21]
- December 1 – The Test Act provides that members of both the House of Lords and House of Commons of England must swear an anti-Catholic oath, before taking office.[22]
Date unknown
[edit]- About 1,200 Irish families sail from Barbados to Virginia and the Carolinas.
- In Ireland, the vacant Bishopric of Leighlin is given to the Bishop of Kildare in commendam; it will later be formed into the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin.[23]
Births
[edit]
- March 4 – Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer (d. 1741)[24]
- March 7 – Filippo Juvarra, Italian architect (d. 1736)
- April 14 – Abraham Darby I, one of the English fathers of the Industrial Revolution (d. 1717)[25]
- May 3 – Amaro Pargo, Spanish corsair (d. 1747)[26]
- May 16 – Andreas Silbermann, German organ builder (d. 1734)[27]
- July 26 – Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1711)[28]
- September 16 – Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, English statesman and philosopher (d. 1751)[29]
- September 29 – Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles, French soldier (d. 1766)[30]
- October 10 – John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, Scottish soldier (d. 1743)[31]
- October 16 – Anna Waser, Swiss painter (d. 1714)[32]
- November 26 – Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan, French geophysicist (d. 1771)[33]
- December 8 – Horatio Walpole, 1st Baron Walpole of Wolterton, English diplomat (d. 1757)[34]
- December 13 – Yongzheng Emperor of China (d. 1735)[35]
- December 14 – Daniel Neal, English historian (d. 1743)[36]
- December 30 – William Croft, English composer (d. 1727)[37]
- date unknown
- George Farquhar, Irish dramatist (d. 1707)[38]
- Joachim Ludwig Schultheiss von Unfriedt, German architect (d. 1753)[39]
- John Senex, British geographer (d. 1740)[40]
- Maria Faxell, Swedish vicar's wife and war heroine (d. 1738),[41]
- Pierre Fauchard, French physician and author, considered The father of modern dentistry (d. 1761)[42]
- Thomas Micklethwaite, Lord Commissioner of the Treasury (d. 1718)[43]
Deaths
[edit]
- January 4 – Joan Maetsuycker, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1606)[44]
- January 11 – Ferrante III Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla, Italian noble (b. 1618)[45]
- January 12 – Robert Ellison, English politician (b. 1614)[46]
- January 23 – Sir William Curtius FRS, German magistrate and English baronet (b. 1599)[47]
- January 27 – Maria Overlander van Purmerland, Dutch noble (b. 1603)[48]
- January 29 – Jeronimo Lobo, Portuguese Jesuit missionary (b. 1593)[49]
- February 7 – Sir Philip Musgrave, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1607)[50]
- November 20 – Daniel Clasen, German academic (b. 1622)[51]
- March 3 – Philip Bell, British colonial governor (b. 1590)[52]
- March 10 – Jean de Launoy, French historian (b. 1603)[53]
- March 27 – Juan de Leyva de la Cerda, conde de Baños, Spanish noble (b. 1604)
- April 12 – Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick, 7th daughter of Richard Boyle (b. 1625)[54]
- April 23 – Walter Aston, 2nd Lord Aston of Forfar, second and eldest surviving son of Walter Aston (b. 1609)[55]
- April 24 – Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1661–1678) (b. 1630)
- April 27 – Nicolas Roland, French priest and founder (b. 1642)
- May 2 – Willem Nieupoort, Dutch politician, and diplomat (b. 1607)[56]
- May 3 – Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Jena, German noble (b. 1638)[57]
- May 4 or May 14 – Anna Maria van Schurman, Dutch poet and scholar (b. 1607)[58]
- May 16 – Tamura Muneyoshi, Japanese daimyō of the Iwanuma Domain (b. 1637)
- May 18 – Miyamoto Iori, Japanese samurai (b. 1612)[59]
- June 2 – Pieter de Groot, Dutch diplomat (b. 1615)
- June 17 – Giacomo Torelli, Italian stage designer, engineer, and architect (b. 1608)[60]
- June 19 – Benedict Arnold, Rhode Island colonial governor (b. 1615)[61]
- June 24 – Charles de Lorme, French physician (b. 1584)[62]
- August 5 – Juan García de Zéspedes, Mexican musician and composer (b. 1619)
- August 16 – Andrew Marvell, English writer (b. 1621)[63]
- August 17 – Guillaume Herincx, Flemish theologian, Bishop of Ypres (b. 1621)[64]
- August 28 – John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton, English soldier (b. 1602)[65]
- August 31 – Louis VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1658)
- September 1 – Jan Brueghel the Younger, Flemish painter (b. 1601)[66]
- September 8 – Pietro della Vecchia, Italian painter (b. 1603)[67]
- September 19 – Christoph Bernhard von Galen, Westphalian Catholic prince-bishop of Münster and military leader (b. 1606)[68]
- September 18 – Maurizio Cazzati, Italian composer (b. 1616)[69]
- October 5 – Hedevig Ulfeldt, daughter of King Christian IV of Denmark and Kirsten Munk (b. 1626)[70]
- October 11 – Sir Peter Leycester, 1st Baronet, British historian (b. 1614)[71]
- October 12
- Pieter Codde, Dutch painter (b. 1599)[72]
- Edmund Berry Godfrey, English magistrate (b. 1621)[18]
- October 14 – Sir Richard Newdigate, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1602)[73]
- October 16 – Cornelis HrR Ridder de Graeff, Dutch nobleman and chief landholder of the Zijpe and Haze Polder (b. 1650)[74]
- October 18 – Jacob Jordaens, Flemish painter (b. 1593)[75]
- October 19 – Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten, Dutch painter (b. c. 1627)[76]
- November 1 – William Coddington, first Governor of Rhode Island (b. 1601)[77]
- November 4 – Solomon Swale, English politician (b. 1610)[78]
- November 5 – Giovan Battista Nani, Italian historian and diplomat (b. 1616)[79]
- November 10 – Daniel Zwicker, German physician (b. 1612)[80]
- November 30 – Andries de Graeff, Dutch politician (b. 1611)[81]
- December 3 – Edward Colman, English Catholic courtier under Charles II (b. 1636)[82]
- December 20 – Matthew Marvin, Sr., Connecticut settler (b. 1600)[83]
References
[edit]- ^ Cannon, Donald J. (1944). The Chronicle of Early American Industries. Early American Industries Association. p. 80. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ The Bookworm: An Illustrated Treasury of Old-time Literature. Harvard University. 1888. p. 90. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ Dryden, John (1893). The Poetical Works of John Dryden: Edited with a Memoir, Revised Text, and Notes. Macmillan and Company. p. 437. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ Wakeman, Frederic (August 1984). "Romantics, Stoics and Martyrs". Journal of Asian Studies: 631–665. Repr. in Telling Chinese History: A Selection of Essays. University of California Press, 2009. p. 123.
- ^ Atwill, David G. (2005). The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856-1873. Stanford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8047-5159-9. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
- ^ Schmidtobreick, L.; Tappert, C.; Bianchini, A.; Mennickent, R. E. (27 October 2004). "Spectroscopic analysis of tremendous-outburst-nova candidates". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 432: 199–205. arXiv:astro-ph/0411198. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041371. S2CID 18168602. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ "Casco, Treaty of", by Jaime Ramon Olivares, in The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History, ed. by Spencer Tucker (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p. 134
- ^ Schotte, Margaret E. (30 July 2019). Sailing School: Navigating Science and Skill, 1550-1800. JHU Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-4214-2954-0. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
- ^ David Marley, Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere (ABC-CLIO, 2008) p. 289
- ^ Grendler, Paul F. (3 November 2004). "Padua after 1509". The Universities of the Italian Renaissance. Johns Hopkins University Press+ORM. ISBN 978-1-4214-0423-3. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
- ^ Banerji, Amiya Kumar (1972). West Bengal District Gazetteers: Hooghly. West Bengal District Gazetteers. p. 122. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
- ^ Nolan, Cathal J. (30 July 2008). Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. ABC-CLIO. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-313-35920-0. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ Horne, Alistair (2005). La Belle France: A Short History. Knopf. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-4000-4140-4. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ Goeth, Aurora von; Harper, Jules (30 June 2018). "The Dutch War". Louis XIV: The Real Sun King. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-5267-2640-7. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ Ricklefs, Merle Calvin (1993). War, culture, and economy in Java, 1677-1726 : Asian and European imperialism in the early Kartasura period. Sydney: Asian Studies Association of Australia. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-86373-380-9. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ Sommerville, C. John (5 September 1996). The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information. Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-19-535549-9. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ Edmundson, George (2013). History of Holland. Cambridge University Press. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-107-66089-2. Retrieved 2023-03-13.
- ^ a b Lang, Andrew (1903). The Valet's Tragedy: And Other Studies. Longmans, Green, and Company. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-404-03865-6. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ Kenyon, J. P. (John Philipps) (1972). The Popish Plot. London, Heinemann. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-434-38850-9. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ New Catholic World. Paulist Press. 1920. p. 313. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ Foley, Henry (1875). Records of the English province of the Society of Jesus ... in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. p. 95. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ "Charles II, 1678: (Stat. 2.) An Act for the more effectuall preserving the Kings Person and Government by disableing Papists from sitting in either House of Parlyament". Retrieved 13 March 2023.
That from and after the First Day of December which shall be in the yeare of our Lord God One thousand six hundred seaventy and eight
- ^ Archdioceses and dioceses of Ireland. Dublin: Veritas. 2000. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-85390-580-3. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
- ^ Kolneder, Walter (1970). Antonio Vivaldi: His Life and Work. University of California Press. pp. 1, 7. ISBN 978-0-520-01629-3. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ III, Kenneth E. Hendrickson (25 November 2014). The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 238–240. ISBN 978-0-8108-8888-3. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ Breverton, Terry (15 December 2018). "Amaro Rodríguez-Felipe y Tejera Machado". A Gross of Pirates: From Alfhild the Shield Maiden to Afweyne the Big Mouth. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-8293-8. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ Randel, Don Michael (1996). The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music. Harvard University Press. p. 838. ISBN 978-0-674-37299-3. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ Weaver, Andrew (25 September 2020). A Companion to Music at the Habsburg Courts in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. BRILL. p. 202. ISBN 978-90-04-43503-2. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ Barrell, Rex A. (1988). Bolingbroke and France. University Press of America. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8191-7127-6. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ Oettinger, Eduard Maria (1867). Moniteur des dates: contenant un million de renseignements biographiques, généalogiques et historiques. Méan - R. 4 (in German). Oettinger. p. 64. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ Keltie, Sir John Scott (1875). A History of the Scottish Highlands, Highland Clans and Highland Regiments. Fullarton. p. 183. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
- ^ "Anna Waser". rkd.nl. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ Heller, Ágost (1882). Geschichte der Physik von Aristoteles bis auf die neueste Ziet (in German). F. Enke. p. 454. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ Coxe, William (1802). Memoirs of Horatio Lord Walpole Selected from His Correspondence and Papers (etc.). Wilson. p. 1. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ Hong Lee, Lily Xiao; Stefanowska, A.D.; Wing-chung Ho, Clara (1998). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women - The Qing Period (1644-1911). M.E. Sharpe. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-7656-1827-6. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. 19. The Encyclopedia Britannica Company. 1 March 1911. p. 320. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ Highfill, Philip H.; Burnim, Kalman A.; Langhans, Edward A. (1975). A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. SIU Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8093-0693-0. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ George Farquhar, Louis A. Strauss (1914). A Discourse Upon Comedy: The Recruiting Officer and The Beaux Stratagem. D. C. Heath & co. p. 1. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ Heckmann, Hermann (1998). Baumeister des Barock und Rokoko in Brandenburg-Preussen (in German). Verlag für Bauwesen. p. 251. ISBN 978-3-345-00631-9. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ "The Historical Theater in the Year 400 AD, in Which Both Romans and Barbarians Resided Side by Side in the Eastern Part of the Roman Empire". World Digital Library. 1725. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
- ^ Gabriel, Gabriel Anrep (1858). Svenska adelns ättar-taflor utgifna: Abrahamsson-Graufelt (in Swedish). P. A. Norstedt & Son̈er. p. 494. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
- ^ Lynch, C. D.; O'Sullivan, V. R.; McGillycuddy, C. T. (December 2006). "Pierre Fauchard: the 'Father of Modern Dentistry'". British Dental Journal. 201 (12): 779–781. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4814350. ISSN 1476-5373. PMID 17183395. S2CID 8945406.
- ^ A. N. Newman. "MICKLETHWAIT, Thomas (1678-1718), of Swine, nr. Hull, Yorks. | History of Parliament Online". Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ^ Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië (in Dutch). Ter Lands-drukkerij. 1840. p. 126. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ "GONZAGA: DUCHI DI GUASTALLA". www.genmarenostrum.com (in Italian). Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ Hodgson-Hinde, John (1840). A History of Northumberland, in Three Parts. E. Walker. p. 347. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660-1998: A Complete Listing (PDF). Royal Society. 1999. p. 89. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ De Nederlandsche leeuw: Maandblad van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde (in Dutch). Koniklijk Nederlandsch Genootschap voor Geslacht- en Wapenkunde. 1895. p. 136. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ Bohlander, Richard E. (1992). World Explorers and Discoverers. Macmillan. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-02-897445-3. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ "Musgrave, Sir Philip, second baronet (1607–1678), royalist army officer and local politician". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19662. Retrieved 16 March 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Friedrich, Jugler Johann (1773). Beyträge zur juristischen Biographie, oder genauere litterarische und critische Nachrichten von dem Leben und den Schriften verstorbener Rechtsgelehrten auch Staatsmänner, welche sich in Europa berühmt gemacht haben (in German). Heinsius. p. 158. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ Howard, Joseph J.; Crisp, Frederick A. (August 1997). Visitation of England and Wales Notes: Volume 5 1903. Heritage Books. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7884-0702-4. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (1970). Biographisch-bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (in German). Hamm : Bautz. p. 1241. ISBN 978-3-88309-040-5. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ Warwick, Frances Evelyn Maynard Greville Countess of (1903). Warwick Castle and Its Earls: From Saxon Times to the Present Day. Hutchinson & Company. p. 844. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ Cokayne, George E. (1887). Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct Or Dormant. G. Bell & Sons. p. 158. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ "[Mr. Willem Nieupoort], Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden. Deel 13, A.J. van der Aa". DBNL (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ Zenker, Jonathan Carl (1836). Historisch-topographisches Taschenbuch von Jena und seiner Umgebung : besonders in naturwissenschaftlicher u. medicinischer Beziehung : mit dem Plane von Jena und einem geognostischen Profile (in German). Jena : Frommann. p. 16. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ Larsen, Anne R. (14 April 2016). Anna Maria van Schurman, 'The Star of Utrecht': The Educational Vision and Reception of a Savante. Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-317-18070-8. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ "Musashi's Children". www.miyamotomusashi.eu. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ Bjurström, Per (1961). Giacomo Torelli and Baroque Stage Design. Nationalmuseum. p. 214. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ Bicknell, Thomas Williams (1920). The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. American Historical Society. p. 5. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ Delorme, Charles (1584-1678). Retrieved 18 March 2023 – via BnF Catalogue.
- ^ Wilcher, R. (18 April 1985). Andrew Marvell. CUP Archive. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-27722-8. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles George (1907). The Catholic encyclopedia; an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church. New York, The Encyclopedia Press. p. 265. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ Burke, Bernard (1866). A Genealogical History of the Dormant: Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire. Harrison. p. 47. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Holland, Gerhard (1998). Netherlandish Painting Before 1800 in Prominent Collections: Netherlandish painting before 1800 at the Städel. Blick in die Welt. p. 24. ISBN 978-3-88284-005-6. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Aikema, Bernard. "DELLA VECCHIA, Pietro". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Gebhardt, Bruno (1901). Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte (in German). Union deutsche Verlagsgellschaft. p. 14. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Schnoebelen, Anne (2001). "Cazzati, Maurizio". Grove Music Online. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05230. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Bricka, Carl Frederik. Dansk biografisk Lexikon / VII (in Danish). F. Hegel & Søn. p. 197. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Broadway, Jan (2004). "Leycester, Sir Peter, first baronet (1614–1678), antiquary". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16629. Retrieved 18 March 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Catalogue of the Pictures, Miniatures, Pastels, Framed Water Colour Drawings, Etc. in the Rijks-museum at Amsterdam. Roeloffzen-Hübner and Van Santen. 1905. p. 92. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ "NEWDIGATE, Richard (1602-78), of Arbury, Warws". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Polvliet, Christiaan J. (1899). Het geslacht Deutz en Deutz van Assendelft (in Dutch). Heraldisch-Genealogisch Archief. p. 22. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Hulst, Roger Adolf d'; Jordaens, Jacob; Poorter, Nora de; Vandenven, M. (1993). Jacob Jordaens, 1593-1678: Paintings and tapestries. Gemeentekrediet. p. 20. ISBN 978-90-5066-117-1. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ "Samuel van Hoogstraten". RKD. 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Lossing, Benson John (1905). Harper's Encyclopædia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1905: Based Upon the Plan of Benson John Lossing. Harper & brothers. p. 508. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Ormrod, W. M. (2000). The Lord Lieutenants and High Sheriffs of Yorkshire, 1066-2000. Wharncliffe Books. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-871647-74-7. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Grohmann, Johann Gottfried (1798). Neues Historisch-biographisches Handwörterbuch K - PA (in German). Baumgärtner. p. 391. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Attila, Kis (1999). Een brief van Adam Francke uit 1667 (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 141. ISBN 978-90-6550-177-6. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Koning, Gerrit van Enst (1836). Het Huis te Ilpendam en deszelfs voornaamste bezitters [i.e. the family de Graeff], etc (in Dutch). H. J. Poelders. p. 44. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Cope, Kevin Lee; Leitz, Robert C. (2012). Textual Studies and the Enlarged Eighteenth Century: Precision as Profusion. Lexington Books. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-61148-442-7. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ Hoppin, Charles Arthur (1932). The Washington Ancestry, and Records of the McClain, Johnson, and Forty Other Colonial American Families: Prepared for Edward Lee McClain. Priv. print. p. 500. Retrieved 18 March 2023.