酵

酵	U+9175, 酵 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9175

Translingual

Han character

酵 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一田十大木 (MWJKD), four-corner 1464₇, composition ⿰酉孝)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1283, character 12
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39868
Dae Jaweon: page 1783, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3582, character 8
Unihan data for U+9175

Chinese

trad.		酵
simp. ^#		酵

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (孝) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
酵	*kruːs
窙	*qʰruː
哮	qʰruː, qʰruːs
庨	*qʰruː
涍	qʰruː, qʰruːs
孝	*qʰruːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kruːs) : semantic 酉 + phonetic 孝 (OC *qʰruːs) – fermenting in a vessel, making alcoholic drink. 孝 is composed of “young + old”, hence connotations of “aging (in a vase), fermentation”.

Etymology

In some lects, the pronunciation of 酵 (jiào) is the same as that of 孝 (xiào). This is the result of dubanbian (讀半邊／读半边 (dúbànbiān)).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiào, xiào

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄠˋ, ㄒㄧㄠˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): haau¹ / gaau³ / haau³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kau

(Meixian, Guangdong): gau⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): háu
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kàu / kàⁿ / hàu

(Teochew, Peng'im): gan³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ciau; ⁵shiau; ⁵kau

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiào
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄠˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiào
  - Wade–Giles: chiao⁴
  - Yale: jyàu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiaw
  - Palladius: цзяо (czjao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiào
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siào
  - Wade–Giles: hsiao⁴
  - Yale: syàu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiaw
  - Palladius: сяо (sjao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: haau¹ / gaau³ / haau³
  - Yale: hāau / gaau / haau
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haau¹ / gaau³ / haau³
  - Guangdong Romanization: hao¹ / gao³ / hao³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːu̯⁵⁵/, /kaːu̯³³/, /haːu̯³³/

Note:

haau1 - most common pronunciation;
gaau3 - prescribed pronunciation;
haau3 - variant.

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kau
  - Hakka Romanization System: gau
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gau⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kau̯⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gau⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kau⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: háu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑu²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàu
  - Tâi-lô: kàu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kaux
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kau⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kau²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kànn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kvax
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kã²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kã⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kã¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hàu
  - Tâi-lô: hàu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: haux
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hau²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hau⁴¹/

Note:

kàu - literary;
kàⁿ - vernacular;
hàu - vernacular (俗).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: gan³
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàⁿ
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /kã²¹³/

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵ciau; ⁵shiau; ⁵kau
  - MiniDict: ciau^去; shiau^去; kau^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²jiau; ²xiau; ²kau
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕiɔ³⁴/, /ɕiɔ³⁴/, /kɔ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: kaewH

Rime
Character	酵
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	肴 (90)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	古孝切
Baxter	kaewH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠau^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚau^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kau^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨw^H/
Li Rong	/kau^H/
Wang Li	/kau^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kau^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiào
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaau³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kruːs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	酵
Reading #	1/1
No.	13766
Phonetic component	孝
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	敎
Old Chinese	/*kruːs/

Definitions

酵

yeast
to yeast
(Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) dough with yeast

Compounds

木瓜酵素 (mùguā jiàosù)
發酵／发酵 (fājiào)
發酵乳／发酵乳 (fājiàorǔ)
發酵乳酸／发酵乳酸
糖酵解 (tángjiàojiě)
酵母 (jiàomǔ)
酵母菌
酵素 (jiàosù)
酵素毒
醱酵／酦酵 (fājiào)
醱酵乳／酦酵乳

Japanese

Kanji

酵

(Jōyō kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Go-on: きょう (kyō)
Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
Kun: もと (moto, 酵)

Compounds

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 酵 (MC kaewH). The original reading is 교 (gyo); the prominently-used 효 (hyo) is from a corrupted or unorthodox reading.

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean 교〯 (kyǒ) (Yale: kyǒ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ço(ː)] ~ [kjo(ː)]
Phonetic hangul: [효(ː)/교(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

酵

Wikisource

酵 (eumhun 삭힐 효 (sakhil hyo)), 酵 (eumhun 삭힐 교 (sakhil gyo))

hanja form^? of 효 (“yeast”)

Compounds

무교병 (無酵餠, mugyobyeong)
발효 (醱酵, balhyo)
효모 (酵母, hyomo)
효소 (酵素, hyoso)
효소학 (酵素學, hyosohak)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

酵: Hán Nôm readings: diếu, giếu, dáo, giáo

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

酵

Contents

Translingual

Han character

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology

Pronunciation

Definitions

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Compounds

Korean

Etymology

Pronunciation

Hanja

Compounds

References

Vietnamese

Han character

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酵

Translingual

Han character

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology

Pronunciation

Definitions

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Compounds

Korean

Etymology

Pronunciation

Hanja

Compounds

References

Vietnamese

Han character

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