近

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
近 U+8FD1, 近
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8FD1
← 运
[U+8FD0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 迒 →
[U+8FD2]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character

[edit]

近 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜竹一中 (YHML), four-corner 32302, composition ⿺辶斤)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1254, character 7
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38752
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1736, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3819, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+8FD1

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 近
simp. # 近
alternative forms 𣥍

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 近
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (斤) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
蘄 *ɡɯ, *kɯl, *ɡɯn
祈 *ɡɯl
頎 *ɡɯl
旂 *ɡɯl
圻 *ɡɯl, *ŋɡɯːn, *ŋɡɯn
蚚 *ɡɯl, *ɡɯːls
岓 *ɡɯl
玂 *ɡɯl
沂 *ŋɡɯl
掀 *qʰan
釿 *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋkɯn
齗 *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯn
听 *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯnʔ
垽 *ŋrɯns, *qɯns
斤 *kɯn, *kɯns
菦 *kɯnʔ
靳 *kɯns
劤 *kɯns
勁 *kɯns, *keŋs
赾 *kʰɯnʔ
芹 *ɡɯn
近 *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns
斦 *ŋɡɯn
欣 *qʰɯn
忻 *qʰɯn
昕 *qʰɯn
訢 *qʰɯn
炘 *qʰɯn, *qʰɯns
邤 *qʰɯn
庍 *qʰɯns, *mpreːɡs
焮 *qʰɯns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) : semantic 辶 (“walk”) + phonetic 斤 (OC *kɯn, *kɯns) – to be near something.

Etymology

[edit]

Karlgren (1933) relates 近 (OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) to 幾 (OC *kɯl, “imminent”).

近 (OC *ɡɯns, “to come near to; to approach”) is the exoactive/causative derivation of 近 (OC *ɡɯnʔ, “to be near”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Compare Proto-Vietic *t-kəɲ, whence Vietnamese gần (“near”).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • kan5 - vernacular;
  • gan6 - literary.
Note:
  • kin1 - vernacular;
  • gin5 - literary.
Note:
  • Sixian:
    • khiun - literary;
    • khiûn - vernacular.
  • Meixian:
    • kiun4 - literary;
    • kiun1 - vernacular.
Note:
  • geng6 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
  • gêng6 - Jieyang;
  • ging6 - Chaoyang.
Note:
  • jin5 - vernacular;
  • jin4 - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 近
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕin⁵¹/
    Harbin /t͡ɕin⁵³/
    Tianjin /t͡ɕin⁵³/
    Jinan /t͡ɕiẽ²¹/
    Qingdao /t͡ɕiə̃⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /t͡ɕin³¹²/
    Xi'an /t͡ɕiẽ⁴⁴/
    Xining /t͡ɕiə̃²¹³/
    Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
    Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn¹³/
    Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
    Wuhan /t͡ɕin³⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡ɕin¹³/
    Guiyang /t͡ɕin²¹³/
    Kunming /t͡ɕĩ¹/
    Nanjing /t͡ɕin⁴⁴/
    Hefei /t͡ɕin⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ³⁵/
    Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /d͡ʑin³¹/
    Hangzhou /d͡ʑin¹³/
    Wenzhou /d͡ʑaŋ³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰiʌ̃³⁵/
    Tunxi /t͡ɕʰin²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
    /t͡ɕin¹¹/
    Xiangtan /d͡ʑin²¹/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰin²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /kʰiun⁴⁴/ 好～
    /kʰiun⁵³/ ～來
    Taoyuan /kʰuŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐn²²/
    Nanning /kʰɐn²⁴/
    /kɐn²²/
    Hong Kong /kɐn²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kun²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /køyŋ²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kyiŋ⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /kɯŋ³⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /kin³³/
    Rime
    Character 近 近
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Initial (聲) 群 (30) 群 (30)
    Final (韻) 欣 (57) 欣 (57)
    Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open Open
    Division (等) III III
    Fanqie 其謹切 巨靳切
    Baxter gj+nX gj+nH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɡɨnX/ /ɡɨnH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɡɨnX/ /ɡɨnH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɡiənX/ /ɡiənH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/gɨnX/ /gɨnH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɡiənX/ /ɡiənH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɡĭənX/ /ɡĭənH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/gi̯ənX/ /gi̯ənH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jìn jìn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gan6 gan6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 近 近
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jìn jìn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ gjɨnX › ‹ gjɨnH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*N-kərʔ/ /*s-N-kərʔ-s/
    English near be near to (v.t.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 近 近
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 6659 6660
    Phonetic
    component         		斤 斤
    Rime
    group         		文 文
    Rime
    subdivision         		1 1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		近 近
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡɯnʔ/ /*ɡɯns/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    近

    1. (of distances) near; close
      住越近越容易遲到。 [MSC, trad.]
      住越近越容易迟到。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhù yuè jìn yuè róngyì chídào. [Pinyin]
      Those who live closer (to the destination) are more likely to be late.
      我屋企好近學校。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      我屋企好近学校。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      ngo5 uk1 kei2 hou2 kan5 hok6 haau6. [Jyutping]
      My home is close to my school.
    2. (of time) near; close
      現在離春節越來越近了。 [MSC, trad.]
      现在离春节越来越近了。 [MSC, simp.]
      Xiànzài lí chūnjié yuè lái yuè jìn le. [Pinyin]
      We are now getting closer to the Chinese New Year.
      近呢幾年都冇乜新歌好聽。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      近呢几年都冇乜新歌好听。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      gan6 nei1 gei2 nin4 dou1 mou5 mat1 san1 go1 hou2 teng1. [Jyutping]
      There have been few good new songs in the past few years.
    3. intimate; close (on affectionate terms)
      別跟他走得太近。 [MSC, trad.]
      别跟他走得太近。 [MSC, simp.]
      Bié gēn tā zǒu dé tài jìn. [Pinyin]
      Don't be too close with him.
    4. to approach; to be close to
      近千人  ―  jìn qiān rén  ―  nearly one thousand people
      年近四十  ―  nián jìn sìshí  ―  approaching forty
    5. easy to understand
      淺近／浅近  ―  qiǎnjìn  ―  easy to understand
    6. (Wenzhounese) to make a profit; to earn

    Synonyms

    [edit]
    • (near; close):
    Dialectal synonyms of 近 (“near; close”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 近, 邇
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 近
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 近
    Taiwan 近
    Singapore 近
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 近
    Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 近
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 近
    Wuhan 近
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 近
    Hefei 近
    Cantonese Guangzhou 近
    Hong Kong 近
    Yangjiang 近
    Singapore (Guangfu) 近
    Gan Nanchang 近
    Hakka Meixian 近
    Jin Taiyuan 近
    Northern Min Jian'ou 近
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 近
    Southern Min Xiamen 近
    Singapore (Hokkien) 近
    Chaozhou 近
    Singapore (Teochew) 近
    Wu Suzhou 近
    Wenzhou 近
    Xiang Changsha 近
    Shuangfeng 近
    • (intimate):
    edit

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Further reading

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]
    Shinjitai 近
    Kyūjitai
    [1]
    近󠄁
    近+&#xE0101;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    近󠄃
    近+&#xE0103;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji

    [edit]
    近

    (Second grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. near, close

    Readings

    [edit]

    Proper noun

    [edit]

    近(こん) • (Kon) 

    1. a surname

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ “近”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

    Korean

    [edit]

    Hanja

    [edit]

    近 (eumhun 가까울 근 (gakkaul geun))

    1. hanja form? of 근 (“near; close”)

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Han character

    [edit]

    近: Hán Nôm readings: cận, cặn, gàn, gần

    1. Chữ Hán form of cận (“close; nearby”).
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=近&oldid=82321471"