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See also:
U+8B19, 謙
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B19

[U+8B18]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+8B1A]

Translingual

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Han character

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(Kangxi radical 149, +10, 17 strokes, cangjie input 卜口廿難金 (YRTXC), four-corner 08637, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1175, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35821
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1639, character 36
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4009, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+8B19

Chinese

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trad.
simp.
2nd round simp. 𰵋

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Etymology

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Cognate with (OC *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms, “deficient”), (OC *ɡ·rem, “upright; having integrity; uncorrupt”) (Schuessler, 2007), Tibetan ཁྲམ་པ (khram pa, modest) (Geilich, 1995).

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰian²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕʰian²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰiã²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕʰien⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡ɕʰiĩ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕʰiɪ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰi³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Tunxi /t͡sʰiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kʰiam⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kʰiɑm²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /him⁵³/
Nanning /him⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /him⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰiam⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰieŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kiŋ⁵⁴/
/kʰiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰiam³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /xiam²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (29)
Final () (157)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () IV
Fanqie
Baxter khem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰem/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰem/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰɛm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɛm/
Li
Rong
/kʰem/
Wang
Li
/kʰiem/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/kʰiem/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
qiān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
him1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qiān
Middle
Chinese
‹ khem ›
Old
Chinese
/*k-r̥ˁem/
English modest

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 6070
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰeːm/

Definitions

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  1. humble; modest
  2. 15th hexagram of the I Ching

Compounds

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Japanese

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Shinjitai
Kyūjitai
[1]

謙󠄁
+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
謙󠄃
+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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(Jōyō kanji)

  1. humble; modest (Can we add an example for this sense?)

Readings

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References

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  1. ^ ”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

Korean

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Hanja

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(eumhun 사양할 (sayanghal gyeom))

  1. hanja form? of (refuse, decline)
  2. hanja form? of (humble, modest)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: khiêm[1][2]
: Nôm readings: khem[1][3], khiêm[1][2], khom[4], khòm[4], khọm[3]

  1. Chữ Hán form of khiêm (humble, self-effacing).
  2. Nôm form of khem (to put on a diet). See kiêng khem.
  3. Nôm form of khom (to make a bow, to bend (one's body), to walk with a stoop). See lom khom.
  4. Nôm form of khòm (to make a bow, to bend (one's body), to walk with a stoop).
  5. Nôm form of khọm (very old). See già khọm.

Compounds

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References

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