代

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See also: 付 and 伐
代 U+4EE3, 代
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE3
← 仢
[U+4EE2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 令 →
[U+4EE4]
㈹ U+3239, ㈹
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REPRESENT
← ㈸
[U+3238] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈺ →
[U+323A]

Translingual

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Stroke order
5 strokes

Han character

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代 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人戈心 (OIP), four-corner 23240, composition ⿰亻弋)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 93, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 386
  • Dae Jaweon: page 197, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 113, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4EE3

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 代
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 代 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 代 (Cantonese)
  • 代 (Classical)

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 代
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
s05796
Transcribed ancient scripts
L36109
L36110
L36111
L36112
L36113
L20896
L20897
L20898
L20899
L20900
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (弋) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
戴 *ʔl'ɯːɡs
襶 *tɯːɡs
貸 *l̥ʰɯːɡs
代 *l'ɯːɡs
袋 *l'ɯːɡs
岱 *l'ɯːɡs
黛 *l'ɯːɡs
玳 *l'ɯːɡs
帒 *l'ɯːɡs
甙 *l'ɯːɡs
酨 *l'ɯːs, *zlɯːs
試 *hljɯɡs
弒 *hljɯɡs
忒 *l̥ʰɯːɡ
貣 *l̥ʰɯːɡ, *l'ɯːɡ
鴏 *l'ɯːɡ
栻 *l̥ʰɯɡ, *hljɯɡ
侙 *l̥ʰɯɡ
恜 *l̥ʰɯɡ
式 *hljɯɡ
軾 *hljɯɡ
拭 *hljɯɡ
鉽 *hljɯɡ
烒 *hljɯɡ
弋 *lɯɡ
芅 *lɯɡ
黓 *lɯɡ
隿 *lɯɡ
杙 *lɯɡ
釴 *lɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːɡs) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ)

Etymology 1

[edit]
state's name → toponym
This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Is 代 (OC *lˤək-s) related to 狄 (OC *lˤek, “northern barbarians”), the Spring and Autumn state's founders?”

Most of the people with this surname in Mainland China were originally with the surname 戴 (Dài) and was a result of second-round simplification of Chinese characters.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • dô̤i - vernacular;
  • dâi - literary.
Note:
  • tē/tēr - vernacular;
  • tāi - literary;
  • tài - literary (limited, e.g. 交代).
Note:
  • do7 - vernacular ("generation / dynasty / period");
  • dai3 - literary (in 交代);
  • toi3 - semantic ("to act for/as").
Note:
  • tai5 - literary;
  • tai4 - colloquial.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 代
    Mandarin Beijing /tai⁵¹/
    Harbin /tai⁵³/
    Tianjin /tai⁵³/
    Jinan /tɛ²¹/
    Qingdao /tɛ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /tai³¹²/
    Xi'an /tai⁴⁴/
    Xining /tɛ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /tɛ¹³/
    Lanzhou /tɛ¹³/
    Ürümqi /tai²¹³/
    Wuhan /tai³⁵/
    Chengdu /tai¹³/
    Guiyang /tai²¹³/
    Kunming /tæ²¹²/
    Nanjing /tae⁴⁴/
    Hefei /te̞⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /tai⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /tæ³⁵/
    Hohhot /tɛ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /de²³/
    Suzhou /de̞³¹/
    Hangzhou /de̞¹³/
    Wenzhou /de²²/
    Hui Shexian /tʰɛ²²/
    Tunxi /tə¹¹/
    /ta⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /tai⁵⁵/
    /tai¹¹/
    Xiangtan /tai⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /tʰai²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /tʰoi⁵³/
    Taoyuan /tʰoi⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /tɔi²²/
    Nanning /tɔi²²/
    Hong Kong /tɔi²²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tai²²/
    /te²²/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tɔy²⁴²/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /to⁴⁴/
    Shantou (Teochew) /tʰoi²¹³/
    /to³¹/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔdai³⁵/
    /ʔdai³³/
    /ʔde²³/
    Rime
    Character 代
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 定 (7)
    Final (韻) 咍 (41)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 徒耐切
    Baxter dojH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/dʌiH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/dəiH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/dɒiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/dəjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/dᴀiH/
    Wang
    Li         		/dɒiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/dʱɑ̆iH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		dài
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		doi6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 代
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		dài
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dojH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*lˁək-s/
    English replace

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 代
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 14963
    Phonetic
    component         		弋
    Rime
    group         		代
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		代
    Old
    Chinese         		/*l'ɯːɡs/

    Definitions

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    代

    1. to replace; to take the place of
    2. to act for; to do something on behalf of
    3. to act as; to be the acting (president etc.)
    4. generation; age group
    5. historical period; era
    6. date; age
    7. dynasty; line of rulers
    8. (geology) era (geochronologic unit)
    9. (grammar) Short for 代名詞／代名词 (dàimíngcí); short for 代詞／代词 (dàicí, “pronoun”).
    10. (historical geography) Short for 代國／代国 (Dàiguó, “state of Dai”).
    11. a surname
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    • (generation): 世 (shì)

    Compounds

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    Descendants

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    Sino-Xenic (代):
    • → Japanese: 代(だい) (dai)
    • → Korean: 대(代) (dae)
    • → Vietnamese: đại (代)

    Others:

    Etymology 2

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    From 事 (OC *zrɯs).

    Pronunciation

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    Definitions

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    代

    1. (Southern Min) affair; matter

    Compounds

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    Etymology 3

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    For pronunciation and definitions of 代 – see 戴 (“to wear something on the head; to carry on the head; etc.”).
    (This character is the second-round simplified form of 戴).
    Notes:

    References

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    Japanese

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    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    Kanji

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    代

    (Third grade kyōiku kanji)

    Readings

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    Compounds

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    Derived terms

    Etymology 1

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    Kanji in this term
    代
    しろ
    Grade: 3
    kun'yomi

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    代(しろ) • (shiro) 

    1. (archaic) substitution
    2. (archaic) price, cost, charge
    3. (historical) shiro, a unit of land

    Etymology 2

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    Kanji in this term
    代
    よ
    Grade: 3
    kun'yomi
    For pronunciation and definitions of 代 – see the following entry.
    【世よ】3
    [noun] world, society
    [noun] this world, this life
    [noun] (archaic) generation, age, era
    [noun] lifetime
    [noun] lifespan
    [noun] time of year, season
    [noun] relationship between a man and a woman
    [noun] period of a person leading as a patriarch (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
    (This term, 代, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 3

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    代
    だい
    Grade: 3
    on'yomi

    From Middle Chinese 代 (MC dojH).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

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    代(だい) • (dai) 

    1. price
    2. generation of a family
    3. reign of a royal
    4. decade
    5. era

    Counter

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    代(だい) • (-dai) 

    1. generation of a royal family
    2. era, age, decade

    Suffix

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    代(だい) • (-dai) 

    1. charge, fare, rate, fee, price, rent
      服(ふく)代(だい)
      fuku-dai
      money spent on clothes; clothes money
      お菓子(かし)代(だい)
      o-kashi-dai
      snack money; snack fee
    2. (indicating years spanning a specific period) -ies, -hundreds
    Alternative forms
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    • (period of time): 台

    References

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    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

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    Etymology

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    From Middle Chinese 代 (MC dojH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation

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    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [tɛ(ː)] ~ [te̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [대(ː)/데(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja

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    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    代 (eumhun 대신할 대 (daesinhal dae))
    代 (eumhun 세대 대 (sedae dae))

    1. hanja form? of 대 (“to replace”) [prefix; affix]
    2. hanja form? of 대 (“generation”) [noun; suffix; affix]

    Compounds

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    Compounds

    References

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    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    代: Hán Việt readings: đại (度(đạc)耐(nại)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
    代: Nôm readings: đời[1][2][3][4][5], đãi[1][2][3], đại[1][2][5], dạy[1][2], dậy[1][2], rượi[3][4], đười[1], đợi[1]

    1. chữ Hán form of đại (“representative”).
    2. Nôm form of đời (“life; world; generation; era”).

    Compounds

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    References

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    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hồ (1976).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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