tw.t
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Egyptian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Loprieno suggests an origin from tj (“while”) + ṯn (second-person feminine dependent pronoun), with tj from earlier (j)sṯ, from Old Egyptian (j)sk.[1] Stauder argues against this hypothesis and instead proposes a development from ntt (complementizer) + .t (second-person feminine suffix pronoun) with subsequent reanalysis.[2] Regardless of origin, later reinterpreted as an element tw + the suffix pronoun .t.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /tuːʔɛt/
- Conventional anglicization: tu.et
Pronoun
[edit]| |
f sg 2. proclitic (‘subject form’) pronoun
- you [since the 17th Dynasty]
Usage notes
[edit]This form of pronoun is a proclitic that must stand at the beginning of a sentence (generally adverbial) and cannot come after any particles. It always indicates the subject of the sentence.
Inflection
[edit]Old Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j |
.k, .kj1 |
.ṯ, .ṯn |
.f, .fj1 |
.s, .sj1 |
| dual | .nj |
.ṯnj |
.snj | |||
| plural | .n |
.ṯn |
.sn | |||
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns | singular | w, wj, wy |
kw, k, ṯw, ṯ |
ṯm, ṯn |
sw, s |
s |
| dual | — |
ṯnj |
snj | |||
| plural | n |
ṯn |
sn | |||
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk |
ṯwt |
ṯmt |
swt |
stt |
| dual | — |
— |
ntsnj | |||
| plural | — |
ntṯn |
ntsn, jntsn | |||
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings | singular | .kj, .k |
.tj, .t |
∅, .j |
.tj, .t | |
| dual | — | .tjwn |
.wy, .wj |
.ty | ||
| plural | .wn, .nw |
∅, .w, .y, .wy |
.tj, .t | |||
| ||||||
Middle Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j |
.k, .kj1 |
.ṯ, .t |
.f, .fj1 |
.s, .sj1 |
| dual2 | .nj |
.ṯnj, .tnj |
.snj | |||
| plural | .n |
.ṯn, .tn |
.sn, .w3 | |||
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns | singular | wj, w |
ṯw, tw |
ṯn, tn |
sw, st |
sj, s, st |
| plural | n |
ṯn, tn |
sn, st | |||
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk |
ntk, ṯwt2 |
ntṯ, ntt, ṯwt2 |
ntf, swt2 |
nts, swt2 |
| plural | jnn3 |
ntṯn, nttn |
ntsn | |||
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings | singular | .kw |
.tj, .t, .tw3 |
∅, .w |
.tj, .t, .tw3 | |
| plural | .wn, .wjn |
.tjwn, .tjwnj |
∅, .w, .y | |||
| proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns3 | singular | tw.j |
tw.k |
tw.t |
sw |
sj, st |
| plural | tw.n |
tw.tn |
st | |||
| ||||||
Late Egyptian personal pronouns
| number | first person | second person | third person | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| suffix pronouns | singular | ∅, .j |
.k, .kw |
.t |
.f, .fj |
.s, .st, .sw |
| plural | .n |
.tn, .twn |
.w, .sn1 | |||
| enclitic (‘dependent’) pronouns1 | singular | wj |
tw, tj |
sw, st | ||
| plural | n, wn |
twn |
sn, st | |||
| stressed (‘independent’) pronouns | singular | jnk |
mntk, mtwk |
mntt, mtwy |
mntf |
mntst, mntjst |
| plural | jnn |
mnttn |
mntw | |||
| stative (‘pseudoparticiple’) endings1 | singular | .kw, .k |
.tj, .tw |
∅, .w, .y |
.tj, .tw | |
| plural | .nw |
.tn |
∅, .w, .y | |||
| unmarked (later) | ∅, .tw | |||||
| proclitic (‘subject form’) pronouns | singular | tw.j |
tw.k |
tw.t |
sw |
st, sw |
| plural | tw.n |
tw.tn |
st, sw, swt | |||
| ||||||
References
[edit]- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 116.