grafa

See also: grāfa and grāfā

Icelandic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkraːva/
Rhymes: -aːva

Etymology 1

From Old Norse grafa (“to dig”), from Proto-Germanic *grabaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrābʰ- (“to dig, scratch, scrape”).

Verb

grafa (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative gróf, third-person plural past indicative grófu, supine grafið)

Conjugation

grafa — active voice (germynd)

	Forms with appended personal pronoun
infinitive (nafnháttur)		að grafa
supine (sagnbót)		grafið
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		grafandi
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég gref	við gröfum	present (nútíð)	ég grafi	við gröfum
	þú grefur	þið grafið		þú grafir	þið grafið
	hann, hún, það grefur	þeir, þær, þau grafa		hann, hún, það grafi	þeir, þær, þau grafi

past (þátíð)	ég gróf	við grófum	past (þátíð)	ég græfi	við græfum
	þú grófst	þið grófuð		þú græfir	þið græfuð
	hann, hún, það gróf	þeir, þær, þau grófu		hann, hún, það græfi	þeir, þær, þau græfu

imperative (boðháttur)	graf (þú)	grafið (þið)
	grafðu	grafiði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

grafast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)

	Forms with appended personal pronoun
infinitive (nafnháttur)		að grafast
supine (sagnbót)		grafist
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		grafandist the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég grefst	við gröfumst	present (nútíð)	ég grafist	við gröfumst
	þú grefst	þið grafist		þú grafist	þið grafist
	hann, hún, það grefst	þeir, þær, þau grafast		hann, hún, það grafist	þeir, þær, þau grafist

past (þátíð)	ég grófst	við grófumst	past (þátíð)	ég græfist	við græfumst
	þú grófst	þið grófust		þú græfist	þið græfust
	hann, hún, það grófst	þeir, þær, þau grófust		hann, hún, það græfist	þeir, þær, þau græfust

imperative (boðháttur)	grafst (þú)	grafist (þið)
	grafstu	grafisti *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

grafinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
strong declension (sterk beyging)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	grafinn	grafin	grafið	grafnir	grafnar	grafin
accusative (þolfall)	grafinn	grafna	grafið	grafna	grafnar	grafin
dative (þágufall)	gröfnum	grafinni	gröfnu	gröfnum	gröfnum	gröfnum
genitive (eignarfall)	grafins	grafinnar	grafins	grafinna	grafinna	grafinna

weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
weak declension (veik beyging)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	grafni	grafna	grafna	gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu
accusative (þolfall)	grafna	gröfnu	grafna	gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu
dative (þágufall)	grafna	gröfnu	grafna	gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu
genitive (eignarfall)	grafna	gröfnu	grafna	gröfnu	gröfnu	gröfnu

Synonyms

(to bury): greftra
(to engrave): skera
(to enquire): grafast, spyrja

Derived terms

grafa skurði (“to trench”)
grafa undan (“to undermine”)

Related terms

gröf

Etymology 2

From the verb grafa (“to dig”).

Noun

grafa f (genitive singular gröfu, nominative plural gröfur)

an excavator, a digger; (large machine used to dig holes and trenches)

Declension

Declension of grafa (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	grafa	grafan	gröfur	gröfurnar
accusative	gröfu	gröfuna	gröfur	gröfurnar
dative	gröfu	gröfunni	gröfum	gröfunum
genitive	gröfu	gröfunnar	grafa	grafanna

Derived terms

keðjugrafa (“trencher”)
traktorsgrafa (“excavator loader”)
vélgrafa (“mechanical excavator”)
víragrafa (“rope-operated excavator”)
vökvagrafa (“hydraulic excavator”)

Etymology 3

Noun

grafa

indefinite genitive plural of gröf

Irish

Participle

grafa

past participle of graf (“write; draw, sketch; graph, plot, chart”)

Noun

grafa m sg

genitive singular of grafadh

Noun

grafa m pl

vocative plural of graf (“graph, chart”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of *grafa*
radical	lenition	eclipsis
grafa	ghrafa	ngrafa

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Lithuanian

Pronunciation

(grafà) IPA^(key): /ɡraˈfa/

Noun

grafà f (plural grafos) stress pattern 2^[1]

space between two vertical lines;^[1] column^[2]

Declension

Declension of grafà

	singular (vienaskaita)	plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas)	grafà	grafos
genitive (kilmininkas)	grafos	grafų
dative (naudininkas)	grafai	grafoms
accusative (galininkas)	grafą	grafàs
instrumental (įnagininkas)	grafà	grafomis
locative (vietininkas)	grafoje	grafose
vocative (šauksmininkas)	grafa	grafos

Synonyms

skiltis f

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (t. I–XX, 1941–2002): elektroninis variantas. Redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Programuotojai: Evaldas Ožeraitis, Vytautas Zinkevičius. – Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005 (atnaujinta versija, 2017). – http://www.lkz.lt. →ISBN
^ Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *graib, *graibō (“branch, group of branches, thicket”), from Proto-Germanic *graibaz, *graibô (“branch, fork”)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɡrɑː.fɑ/, [ˈɡrɑː.vɑ]

Noun

grāfa m

grove, copse

Declension

Declension of grāfa (weak)

Case	Singular	Plural
nominative	grāfa	grāfan
accusative	grāfan	grāfan
genitive	grāfan	grāfena
dative	grāfan	grāfum

References

Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “gráfa”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary‎^[1], 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *grabaną.

Verb

grafa

to dig
to bury
to engrave
to enquire (also in middle voice: grafask)
(impersonal) to cause the formation of pus (in something); suppurate

Conjugation

Conjugation of grafa — active (strong class 6)

indicative	present	past
infinitive	grafa
present participle	grafandi
past participle	grafinn
1st-person singular	gref	gróf
2nd-person singular	grefr	gróft
3rd-person singular	grefr	gróf
1st-person plural	grǫfum	grófum
2nd-person plural	grafið	grófuð
3rd-person plural	grafa	grófu
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	grafa	grœfa
2nd-person singular	grafir	grœfir
3rd-person singular	grafi	grœfi
1st-person plural	grafim	grœfim
2nd-person plural	grafið	grœfið
3rd-person plural	grafi	grœfi
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	graf
1st-person plural	grǫfum
2nd-person plural	grafið

Conjugation of grafa — mediopassive (strong class 6)

indicative	present	past
infinitive	grafask
present participle	grafandisk
past participle	grafizk
1st-person singular	grǫfumk	grófumk
2nd-person singular	grefsk	grófzk
3rd-person singular	grefsk	grófsk
1st-person plural	grǫfumsk	grófumsk
2nd-person plural	grafizk	grófuzk
3rd-person plural	grafask	grófusk
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	grǫfumk	grœfumk
2nd-person singular	grafisk	grœfisk
3rd-person singular	grafisk	grœfisk
1st-person plural	grafimsk	grœfimsk
2nd-person plural	grafizk	grœfizk
3rd-person plural	grafisk	grœfisk
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	grafsk
1st-person plural	grǫfumsk
2nd-person plural	grafizk

Related terms

grǫf

Descendants

Icelandic: grafa
Faroese: grava
Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: grave
- Norwegian Nynorsk: grave, grava
Elfdalian: gråvå
Old Swedish: grava, græva
- Swedish: grava, gräva; grafva, gräfva (pre-1906 spelling)
Danish: grave

References

“grafa”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Portuguese

Verb

grafa

inflection of grafar:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

grafa m sg

genitive singular of graf

Mutation

Mutation of *grafa*
radical	lenition
grafa	ghrafa

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

[LKZ-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (t. I–XX, 1941–2002): elektroninis variantas. Redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Programuotojai: Evaldas Ožeraitis, Vytautas Zinkevičius. – Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005 (atnaujinta versija, 2017). – http://www.lkz.lt. →ISBN

[2] Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN

[1]

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