Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*per-

before, in front
first

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before) (25 c, 0 e)

*pér-i (locative)
- Proto-Albanian: *per(i)
  - Albanian: për
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per
  - Lithuanian: per, per-, par-
  - Latvian: par, par-
  - Old Prussian: per
  - Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *firi- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: περί (perí), πέρ (pér) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pári
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pári
    - Sanskrit: परि (pári) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pári
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (paⁱri)
      - → Persian: پیراـ (pirâ-, “peri-”, prefix)
    - Kurdish:
      - Northern Kurdish: ber (“in front”)
      - Central Kurdish: بەر (ber, “in front”)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: per (see there for further descendants)
*per-nóy
- Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)
*pér-o-
- Proto-Anatolian: *péro-
  - Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pára
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pára
    - Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pára
    - ? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)
- Proto-Italic:
  - ⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram
    - → Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)
⇒ *pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))
*por-so-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: porrō
*pr̥-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πάρ (pár)
- Proto-Italic: *por-
  - Latin: por-
*pr-eh₂-
*pr-és
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)
*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *preti
  - Latgalian: pret, pretim, preteims
  - Latvian: pret, pretī, pretējs
  - Proto-Slavic: *proti, *protivъ
    - Bulgarian: проти́в (protív), проти (proti) (dialectal)
    - Czech: proti
    - Polish: przeciw
    - Macedonian: против (protiv)
    - Ukrainian: про́ти (próty)
    - Russian: про́тив (prótiv)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      - Cyrillic script: про̏тив
      - Latin script: prȍtiv
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: προτί (protí), πρός (prós) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *práti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *práti
    - Sanskrit: प्रति (práti) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *pati-
    - Old Persian: 𐎱𐎫𐎡𐏁 (p-t-i-š)
    - Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (paⁱti)
- ⇒ *pr-e-ti-om
  - Proto-Italic: *pretjom
    - Latin: pretium (see there for further descendants)
*pr-éy (dative)
*pr-ey-wo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: prīvus
*pr-i-is
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs
  - Gaulish: ris
  - Old Irish: ré
    - Irish: roimh
    - Scottish Gaelic: ro
*pr-i-is-ḱo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: prīscus
*pr-i-is-m̥mos
- Proto-Italic: *priisemos, *prīsemos (dialectal)
  - Latin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)
*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)
*pr-i-n-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)
*pr-is-to-
- Proto-Germanic: *furistaz (see there for further descendants)
*pr-i-yōs
- Proto-Italic: *priōs
  - Latin: prior (see there for further descendants)
*pr-ó, *pr-óH (allative)
*pr̥H-e/o-s^[1]
- Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a
  - Albanian: përpara
    - Albanian: para
*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)
*pŕ̥-to-
- Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)
*pr̥-tero-
- Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz
  - Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)
*pr-u-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Germanic: *frumô (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pratʰamás (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *pre^[2]

Root

*per- (perhaps related to previous root, as "front" > "go forth" or vice versa)

to go through
to carry forth, fare

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (fare) (20 c, 0 e)

*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)
- Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō
  - Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)
*per-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō) (see there for further descendants)
*por-éye-ti (causative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *pariti (see there for further descendants)
  - ? Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati
    - Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)
*por-ti (o-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἔπορον (époron)
*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti
    - Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)
*pr̥-t-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Italic: *portāō
  - Latin: portō (see there for further descendants)
  - Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust
*pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō
  - Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)
*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)
*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s
*por-dʰmo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)
*pōr-i-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)
*pór-mo-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas
  - Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)
*por-os
- Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás
    - Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)
- Proto-Tocharian:
  - Tocharian B: pere^[3]
*por-teh₂
- Proto-Italic: *portā
  - Latin: porta (see there for further descendants)
  - Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)
*por-ti-s
- Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)
Unsorted formations
- Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)
  - Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)
- Proto-Albanian: *priś
  - Albanian: prish
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)

Root

*per- (perhaps related to previous root, as "go forth" > "try"/"risk")

to try, dare, risk

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (risk) (5 c, 0 e)

*per-ih₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa
  - Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra)
*per-ih₂-ye-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior
*per-ih₂-to-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: perītus
*per-ih₂-tlom
- Proto-Italic: *perītlom
  - Latin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)
*per-h₃-
- Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)

Root

*per- (or *perH-)

to sell

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (sell) (1 c, 0 e)

*per-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō)
*por-neh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *pórnē
  - Ancient Greek: πόρνη (pórnē)
    - Greek: πόρνη f (pórni, “prostitute”)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)
      - Armenian: պոռնիկ (poṙnik)

Unsorted formations:

Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: πέρνημι (pérnēmi)
- Ancient Greek: πιπράσκω (pipráskō)
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: pars (see there for further descendants)
- Latin: portiō (see there for further descendants)
- ? Latin: pār (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “para”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 311: “IE”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “enepre”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 89
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “akwam-pere”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 4

Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 810
Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 816‒818

[1] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “para”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 311: “IE”

[2] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “enepre”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 89

[3] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “akwam-pere”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 4

[1]

[2]

[3]

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-

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