Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ārijaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Usually held to be a borrowing from Latin -ārius; at the very least, it was probably influenced and reinforced by it.

However, Gąsiorowski instead suggests that *-ārijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂, creating a suffix *-sr-ih₂ for forming feminine agent nouns, which was then masculinised by attaching *-ós. He also suggests a relation to Proto-West Germanic *-astrijā.^[1]

• IPA^(key): /ɑː.ri.jɑz/

*-ārijaz m

1. -er. Forms agent nouns from nouns.

• *-jô
• *-ndz

This suffix was conflated with the suffixal use of the noun *warjaz in many languages, eventually causing both to be treated as one.

• Proto-West Germanic: *-ārī
  • Old English: -ere, -re
    • Middle English: -er, -are, -ere
      • English: -er
      • Scots: -ar
  • Old Frisian: -ere
    • Saterland Frisian: -er
    • West Frisian: -er
  • Old Saxon: -āri
    • Middle Low German: -ære, -ēre, -ere
      • Low German: -er
  • Old Dutch: *-āri, -ere
    • Middle Dutch: -ere
      • Dutch: -er, -aar
        • Afrikaans: -er
      • Limburgish: -er
  • Old High German: -āri, -ari, -eri
    • Middle High German: -ære, -er
      • Alemannic German: -er
      • Bavarian: -er
      • Cimbrian: -ar
      • German: -er
      • Luxembourgish: -er
      • Yiddish: ־ער (-er)
• Proto-Norse:
  • Old Norse: -ari
    • Icelandic: -ari
    • Faroese: -ari
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: -ar; (dialectal) -ari, -are, -ær
    • Old Swedish: -are, -ari
      • Swedish: -are
    • Old Danish: -eræ
      • Danish: -er
      • Norwegian Bokmål: -er
    • → Estonian: -r
    • → Finnish: -ari, -uri
• Gothic: -𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (-āreis)
  • → Proto-Slavic: *-ařь (see there for further descendants)