Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaisaraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Borrowed at a post-Proto-Germanic stage from Latin Caesar. According to Ringe, the Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar) is an independent borrowing.

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑi̯.sɑ.rɑz/

*kaisaraz m

1. (Northwest-Germanic) emperor (of Rome)

• Proto-West Germanic: *kaisar
  • Old English: cāsere, cāsaer, cāser
    • Middle English: casere, kasere, caser, casare, kasar (Northern)
      • Middle Scots: casar, casere, cazard
  • Old Frisian: kaiser, keiser
    • Saterland Frisian: Kaiser
    • West Frisian: keizer
  • Old Saxon: kēsar, *keisari
    • Middle Low German: *keisere
      • Plautdietsch: Kjeisa
    • → Old Norse: keisari
      • Icelandic: keisari
      • Faroese: keisari
      • Norwegian:

        Norwegian Bokmål: keiser

        Norwegian Nynorsk: keisar

      • Old Swedish: keysar, keysare
        • Swedish: kejsare
        • → Finnish: keisari
      • Danish: kejser
      • Gutnish: kaisare
  • Old Dutch: keiser
    • Middle Dutch: keiser
      • Dutch: keizer
  • Old High German: keisar, keisur
    • Middle High German: keiser
      • German: Kaiser, Kayser, Käiser, Käyser, Keiser, Keyser (obsolete)
        • → Russian: ка́йзер (kájzer, kájzɛr)
        • → Upper Sorbian: kejžor
      • Luxembourgish: Keeser
      • Yiddish: קייסער (keyser)
    • → Middle English: kayser, caisare, caiser, caisoure, cayser, caysere, kaiser, kaisere, keiser
      • ⇒ English: Kaiser, kaiser
        • → Scots: Kaiser
• Old Norse: kjárr
• → Proto-Slavic: *cěsařь (from an uncertain Germanic language; not directly from Proto-Germanic) (see there for further descendants)

• Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 296
• Ringe, Don with Ann Taylor (2014) The Development of Old English: a Linguistic History of English‎^[2], Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 136