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==English==
{{wikipedia|Shall and will}}

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|en|shal||obsolete}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|en|enm|schal}} (infinitive {{m|enm|schulen}}), from {{inh|en|ang|sċeal}} (infinitive {{m|ang|sċulan||should, must}}), from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*skulan}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*skal}} (infinitive {{m|gem-pro|*skulaną}}), from {{der|en|ine-pro|*skel-||to owe, be under obligation}}.

Cognate with {{cog|sco|sall}}, {{m|sco|sal||shall}}, {{cog|frr|skal}}, {{m|frr|schal}}, {{cog|fy|sil}} (infinitive {{m|fy|sille||shall}}), {{cog|nl|zal}} (infinitive {{m|nl|zullen||shall}}), {{cog|nds|schall}} (infinitive {{m|nds-de|schölen||shall}}), {{cog|de|soll}} (infinitive {{m|de|sollen||ought to}}), {{cog|da|skal}} (infinitive {{m|da|skulle||shall}}), {{cog|is|skal}} (infinitive {{m|is|skulu|t=shall}}), {{cog|af|sal}}, {{cog|sv|skall||shall}} (infinitive {{m|sv|skola}}).

===Pronunciation===
* {{qualifier|stressed}} {{IPA|en|/ˈʃæl/}}
** {{audio|en|en-us-shall.ogg|a=US,stressed}}
* {{qualifier|unstressed}} {{IPA|en|/ʃəl/|/ʃ(ə)/|q2=pre-consonantal only}}
** {{audio|en|en-US shall (unstressed).ogg|a=US,unstressed}}
* {{rhymes|en|æl|s=1}} {{q|when stressed}}

===Verb===
{{wikipedia}}
{{en-verb|shall|-|should|-}} {{tlb|en|modal|auxiliary|_|verb|defective}}

# {{non-gloss|Used before a verb to indicate the simple future tense in the first person singular or plural.}}
#: {{ux|en|I '''shall''' sing in the choir tomorrow.}}
#: {{ux|en|I hope that we '''shall''' win the game.}}
#* {{RQ:Baum Wizard of Oz|passage="Then, having used up the powers of the Golden Cap, I '''shall''' give it to the King of the Monkeys, that he and his band may thereafter be free for evermore."|23}}
# {{non-gloss|Used similarly to indicate determination or obligation in the second and third persons singular or plural.}}
#: (''determination''): ''You '''shall''' go to the ball!''
#: (''obligation''): ''Citizens '''shall''' provide proof of identity.''
#* {{RQ:King James Version|Revelation|21|25|column=1|passage=And the gates of it '''ſhall''' not bee ſhut at all by day: foꝛ there '''ſhall''' bee no night there.}}
#* {{quote-book|1=en|year=1918|author=Parliament of the United Kingdom|title=Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918|chapter=Section 1|url=[s:Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act 1918{{!}}Wikisource]|page=1|text=A woman '''shall''' not be disqualified by sex or marriage for being elected to or sitting or voting as a Member of the Commons House of Parliament.}}
# {{non-gloss|Used in questions with the first person singular or plural to suggest a possible future action.}}
#: {{ux|en|'''Shall''' I help you with that?}}
#: {{ux|en|'''Shall''' we go out later?}}
#: {{ux|en|Let us examine that, '''shall''' we?}}
# {{lb|en|obsolete}} To [[owe]].
#: {{rfex|en}}

====Usage notes====
* ''Shall'' is about one-fourth as common as ''[[will]]'' in North America compared to in the United Kingdom. Lack of exposure leads many in North America to consider it formal or even [[pompous]] or [[archaic]], best reserved for court decisions and legal contracts. North Americans mainly use it in senses two and three.
* In law, ''shall'' is typically used to impose obligation, though the word can also convey discretionary power or recommendation. Due to its ambiguity, some jurisdictions refrain from using the term in law drafting and official writing.<ref>{{cite-book|year=2012|author=Law Drafting Division, Department of Justice|title=Drafting Legislation in Hong Kong — A Guide to Styles and Practices|url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/b0000000022.attach|page=90|passage=LDD no longer uses “shall” to impose an obligation or its negative forms to impose a prohibition. Moreover, it is not used for any other purpose for which it had been used.}}</ref><ref>{{cite-book|year=2011|author=Plain Language Action and Information Network|title=Federal Plain Language Guidelines|url=https://www.plainlanguage.gov/media/FederalPLGuidelines.pdf|page=25|passage=Besides being outdated, “shall” is imprecise. It can indicate either an obligation or a prediction. Dropping “shall” is a major step in making your document more user-friendly.}}</ref><ref>{{cite-book|year=2012|author=New Zealand Law Commission|title=Legislation Manual: Structure and Style|url=https://www.lawcom.govt.nz/sites/default/files/projectAvailableFormats/NZLC%20R35.pdf|page=43|passage=Although shall is used to impose a duty or a prohibition, it is also used to indicate the future tense. This can lead to confusion. Shall is less and less in common usage, partly because it is difficult to use correctly.}}</ref><ref>{{cite-book|year=2012|author=Office of Parliamentary Counsel, Australia|title=Plain English Manual|url=https://www.opc.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-01/plain_english_0_0.pdf|page=20|passage=The traditional style uses “shall” for the imperative. However, the word is ambiguous, as it can also be used to make a statement about the future. Moreover, in common usage it’s not understood as imposing an obligation.}}</ref>
* In the past, ''will'' and ''shall'' were interchangeable and synonymous, used similarly as auxiliary verbs for the future tense but separate persons. The simple future tense traditionally used ''shall'' for the first person (”I” and “we”), and '''will''' for the second and third persons. This distinction existed largely in formal language and gradually disappeared in [[Early Modern English]].
*: ''I '''shall''' go.''
*: ''You '''will''' go.''
** An emphatic future tense, indicating volition of the speaker—determination, promise, obligation, or permission, depending on the context—, reverses the two words, using ''will'' for the first person and ''shall'' for the second and third person.
**: ''I '''will''' go.''
**: ''You '''shall''' go.''
** Usage can be reversed in questions and in dependent clauses&mdash;especially with indirect discourse. For example: '''''Shall''' you do it?'' anticipates the response ''I '''shall''' do it.'' Or: ''he says that he '''shall''' win'' or ''he expects that he '''shall''' win'' anticipate his saying ''I '''shall''' win'', not ''I '''will''' win.''
* The second-person singular form (used with {{m|en|thou}}) is irregular, {{m|en|shalt}}. {{m|en|shallest|Shallest}}, {{m|en|shalst}} are rare, often hypercorrect.
* The past tense form ''should'' can be used in reported speech, e.g., ''I hoped that I '''should''' find you here.'' This use of ''should'' may not be readily apparent to speakers who do not often use ''shall''.

====Derived terms====
{{col-auto|en|title=contractions|
|shalbe
|shalln't
|shan't}}

{{col-auto|en|title=phrases|man shall not live by bread alone|never the twain shall meet|seek and ye shall find|shall I say|shall we say|shall-issue|speak of the devil and he shall appear|this too shall pass|this too shall pass away}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|srn|sa}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|indicating the simple future tense}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|zullen}}
* Finnish: ''Use the present tense or use personal olla + present active participle''
*: I shall sing tomorrow - ''Laulan huomenna'' or ''Olen laulava huomenna'' {{q|literary or formal}}
* French: '''''shall''' followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense''
*: I shall sing tomorrow - ''Je chanterai demain''
* German: {{t+|de|werden}}
* Italian: '''''shall''' followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense''
*: I shall sing tomorrow - ''Canterò domani''
* Malay: {{t+|ms|akan}}
* Norwegian: {{t+|no|skal}}
* Old English: {{t|ang|sculan}}
* Old Saxon: {{t|osx|skulan}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|powinno się}}
* Portuguese: ''Use the future tense of the verb'' or ''present indicative of {{m|pt|ir}} + the infinitive'' or the verb "haver de" in the present + infinitive
* Russian: ''Use the future perfective'' or ''use the future of {{l|ru|быть}} + imperfective infinitive''
** ''I will go to the post office'' — Я [[пойти|пойду́]] на по́чту
** ''I will be going to the post office'' — Я [[быть|бу́ду]] [[идти|идти́]] на по́чту
** ''I will be going back and forth to the post office'' — Я [[быть|буду]] [[ходить|ходи́ть]] на по́чту
* Scots: {{t|sco|sall}}
* Slovak: ''Use the future perfective'' or ''use the future of {{l|sk|byť}} + imperfective infinitive''
* Spanish: ''shall followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense''
*: I shall sing tomorrow - ''Cantaré mañana''
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|skall}} {{qualifier|formal, as often in English}}, {{t+|sv|ska}} {{qualifier|everyday-sounding alternative form}}
* West Frisian: {{t|fy|sille}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|indicating determination or obligation}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|-u}}
* Finnish: ''use genitive + impersonal olla + present active participle'' or ''use genitive + tulee/täytyy/pitää + first infinitive''
*: You shall go to the ball! - ''Sinun on mentävä juhlaan!'' or ''Sinun pitää mennä juhlaan!''
*: Citizens shall provide identity - ''Kansalaisten on esitettävä henkilöllisyytensä'' or ''Kansalaisten tulee esittää henkilöllisyytensä''
* French: (''indicating determination'') '''''shall''' followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense, which can be emphasised using "bien" or a similar adverbial construction''; (''indicating obligation'') [[devoir]], [[être]] [[obliger|obligé]] de
*: You shall go to the ball! - ''Mais tu iras bien au bal!'' or ''Ah oui, tu iras au bal!''
*: Citizens shall provide identity - ''Les citoyens doivent fournir une pièce d'identité'' or ''Les citoyens sont obligés de fournir une pièce d'identité''
* German: {{t+|de|sollen}}
* Gothic: {{t|got|𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽}}
* Italian: (''indicating determination'') '''''shall''' followed by the infinitive is translated using the future tense, which can be emphasised using "sì che" or a similar adverbial construction''; (''indicating obligation'') [[dovere]], [[essere]] [[obbligare|obbligato]] di
*: You shall go to the ball! - ''Sì che andrai al ballo!''
*: Citizens shall provide identity - ''I cittadini devono fornire identificazione'' or ''I cittadini sono obbligati a fornire identificazione''
* Japanese {{t|ja|ものとする|tr=-mono to suru}}
*: Committee members shall be at least 25 years old. - ''委員は25歳以上になるものとする。''
* Korean: {{t+|ko|되다|alt=-야 되다}}, {{t+|ko|하다|alt=-야 하다}}
* Latin: {{t+|la|debeo}}
* Norwegian: {{t+|no|skulle}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|dever}}, {{t+|pt|precisar}}
* Russian: {{qualifier|predicative}} {{t+|ru|до́лжен|m}}, {{t+|ru|должна́|f}}, {{t+|ru|должно́|m}}, {{t+|ru|должны́|p}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|skall}} {{qualifier|formal, as often in English}}, {{t+|sv|ska}} {{qualifier|everyday-sounding alternative form}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|in questions to suggest a possible future action}}
* Finnish: ''use conditional tense + {{m|fi|-ko}}''
*: Shall we go out later? - ''Menisimmekö (yhdessä) ulos myöhemmin?''
* French: '''shall''' ''followed by the infinitive is translated by'' si ''and the imperfect tense, or, informally, without'' si ''and with the present tense''
*: Shall we go out later? - ''Si nous sortions plus tard?'' or ''Sortons plus tard?''
* German: {{t+|de|sollen}}
* Italian: '''shall''' ''followed by the infinitive is translated by the present tense''
*: Shall we go out later? - ''Usciamo più tardi?''
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|ようか|tr=-yōka}}, {{t|ja|ましょうか|tr=-mashōka}}
* Korean: {{t|ko|ᆯ까|alt=-ᆯ까}}, {{t|ko|ᆯ까|alt=-ᆯ까요}}
* Norwegian: {{t+|no|skulle}}
* Portuguese: ''Use the imperative tense of the verb'' or ''present indicative of {{m|pt|ir}} + the infinitive''
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|ska}} {{qualifier|everyday-sounding}}, {{t+|sv|skall}} {{qualifier|formal}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===See also===
* {{l|en|must}}
* {{l|en|ought}}
* {{l|en|should}}
* {{l|en|will}}
* [[Appendix:English modal verbs]]
* [[Appendix:English tag questions]]

===References===
* {{R:OneLook}}
* {{R:Century 1911}}
<references />

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=ahlls|Halls|halls}}

{{cln|en|auxiliary verbs|defective verbs|irregular verbs|modal verbs}}

==Albanian==

===Etymology===
From {{bor|sq|ota|شال|tr=şal}}.

===Noun===
{{sq-noun|m|shalle|shalli|shallet}}

# [[shawl]]
# [[scarf]]

==Yola==

===Verb===
{{head|yol|verb}}

# {{alt form|yol|shell}}
#* {{quote-book|yol|year=1867|chapter=CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION|number=1|page=102|title=SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY|passage=To fho '''shall''' ich maake mee redress?|translation=To whom '''shall''' I make my redress?}}

===References===
* {{R:Poole 1867|page=102}}

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