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{{also|ism|ISM|-ism-|ism.}}
==English==
{{wikipedia}}

===Etymology===
{{etymon|en|id=action nouns|der|grc>-ισμός>abstract nouns|tree=1}}
Ultimately from {{der|en|grc|-ισμός}}, a suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine, from stem of verbs in {{m|grc|-ίζειν}} (whence {{cog|en|-ize}}). {{doublet|en|-ismus}}.

Many English nouns in ''-ism'' are loans of Greek nouns in {{m|grc|-ισμός}}, often via Latin and French, such as {{m|en|Judaism}}, a learned English formation from Latin attested from c. 1500 and ultimately from {{m+|grc|Ἰουδαϊσμός}}. In {{der|en|LL.|-}}, the {{m|la|-ismus}} suffix became the ordinary ending for names of religions and ecclesiastical or philosophical systems or schools of thought, thus {{m|la|chrīstiānismus}} (whence 16th c. {{m|en|Christianism}}) in Tertullian, a trend continued in {{der|en|ML.|-}}, with e.g. {{m|la|pāgānismus}} attested by the 8th century. From the 16th century, such formations became very common in English, until the early 18th century mostly restricted to either root words of Greek or Latin origin ({{m|en|heroism}}, {{m|en|patriotism}}) or proper names ({{m|en|Calvinism}}, {{m|en|Lutheranism}}).

Productivity from root words with evidently non-Latin and non-Greek origin dates to the late 18th century (e.g. {{m|en|blackguardism}}). Reflecting this productivity, use of {{m|en|ism}} as a standalone noun is attested in Edward Pettit (1680) and becomes common from the mid-18th century. The narrowed sense of forming terms for ideologies based on the belief of superiority is based on coinages such as {{m|en|racism}} (1932) or {{m|en|sexism}} (1936) and productive since the 1970s.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/-ɪ.zəm/|[ɪ.zm̩]}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ism.wav|a=Southern England}}

===Suffix===
{{en-suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|cat3=productive suffixes}}

# {{n-g|Used to form nouns of action, process, or result based on the accompanying verb ending in [[-ise]] or [[-ize]].}}
#: [[baptism]] (1300), [[aphorism]] (1528), [[criticism]] (1607), [[magnetism]] (1616)
# {{n-g|Used to form the name of a school of thought, system, or theory based on the name of its subject or object or alternatively on the name of its founder}} {{q|When de-capitalized, these overlap with the generic "doctrines" sense below, e.g. [[Liberalism]] vs. [[liberalism]].}}
#: [[Lutheranism]] (1560), [[Calvinism]] (1570), [[Protestantism]] (1606), [[Congregationalism]] (1716), [[Mohammedanism]] (1815),: [[Palamism]] (1949)
# {{n-g|Used to form names of a tendency of action, behaviour, condition, opinion, or state belonging to a class or group of persons, or the result of a [[doctrine]], [[ideology]], or [[principle]] or lack thereof.}}
#: [[atheism]] (1587), [[ruffianism]] (1589), [[giantism]] (1639), [[fanaticism]] (1652), [[theism]] (1678), [[religionism]] (1706), [[patriotism]] (1716), [[heroism]] (1717), [[despotism]] (1728), [[old-maidism]] (1776), [[capitalism]] (1792), [[nationism]] (1798), [[romanticism]] (1803), [[conservatism]] (1832), [[sexualism]] (1842), [[vegetarianism]] (1848), [[externalism]] (1856), [[young-ladyism]] (1869), [[opportunism]] (1870), [[blackguardism]] (1875), [[jingoism]] (1878), [[feminism]] (1895), [[dwarfism]] (1895)
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1990|author=Stephen King|title={{w|The Moving Finger (short story)|The Moving Finger}}|passage=Howard didn't care much for beer, but that night he helped himself to three cans of Vi's new find nevertheless. Vi commented on it, said that if she had known he was going to like it that much, she would have stopped by the drugstore and gotten him an IV hookup. Another time-honored Vi'''-ism'''.}}
#* {{quote-video game|en|year=2020|title=w:Ministry of Broadcast|publisher=w:Hitcents|system=w:Nintendo Switch|scene=game over|text=WE ARE EXPERIENCING BROADCAST NOOB'''ISM'''}}
# {{n-g|Used to form [[countable]] nouns indicating a [[peculiarity]] or [[characteristic]] of language}}
#: [[Atticism]] (1612), [[Gallicism]] (1656), [[archaism]] (1709), [[Americanism]] (1781), [[colloquialism]] (1834), [[newspaperism]] (1838), [[Shakespearianism]] (1886)
#* {{quote-book|en|year=2010|author=w:Nassim Nicholas Taleb|title={{w|The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable}}|location=New York|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780399590450|page=136|passage=Note that these sayings attributed to Yogi Berra might be apocryphal {{...}} These sayings remain, however, quintessential '''Berraisms'''.}}
# {{n-g|Used to form names of ideologies expressing belief in the superiority of a certain class within the concept expressed by the root word, or a pattern of behavior or a social norm that benefits members of the group indicated by the root word.}} {{q|Based on a late 20th-century narrowing of the "terms for a doctrine" sense.}}
#: [[racism]] (1932), [[sexism]] (1936), [[classism]] (1971), [[speciesism]] (1975), [[heterosexism]] (1979), [[ableism]] (1981)
# {{lb|en|medicine}} {{n-g|Used to form names of conditions (syndromes, diseases, disorders, defects, addictions) and therapeutical methods or doctrines.}}
#: [[aleydigism]], [[daturism]], [[senilism]], [[teratism]], [[cocainism]], [[climatism]], [[humorism]]

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|en}}
* {{l|en|ism}}
* {{l|en|-icism}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|en|-ist}}
* {{l|en|-istic}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|a principle, belief or movement}}
* Afrikaans: {{t|af|-isme}}
* Albanian: {{t|sq|-im}}, {{t|sq|-izëm|m}}
* Arabic: {{t|ar|ـِيَّة}}
* Aragonese: {{t|an|-ismo|m}}
* Armenian: {{t|hy|իզմ|alt=-իզմ}}
* Asturian: {{t|ast|-ismu|m}}
* Azerbaijani: {{t|az|-izm}}
* Basque: {{t+|eu|-ismo|in}}
* Belarusian: {{t|be|-і́зм|m}}, {{t|be|-ы́зм|m}}
* Bengali: {{t+|bn|বাদ}}
* Bulgarian: {{t|bg|-и́зъм|m}}
* Burmese: {{t+|my|ဝါဒ}}
* Catalan: {{t+|ca|-isme|m}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|主義|alt=-主義|tr=-zhǔyì}}
* Czech: {{t+|cs|-ismus|m}}
* Danish: {{t+|da|-isme|c}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|-isme|n}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|-o}}, {{t+|eo|-ismo}}
* Estonian: {{t+|et|-ism}}
* Faroese: {{t|fo|-isma|f}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|-ismi}}
* French: {{t+|fr|-isme|m}}
* Galician: {{t+|gl|-ismo|m}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|-იზმი}}
* German: {{t+|de|-ismus|m}}
*: Alemannic German: {{t|gsw|-ismus|m}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|-ισμός|m}}
* Hebrew: {{t|he|־יזם|m|tr=izm}}
* Hindi: {{t+|hi|वाद|m|alt=-वाद|sc=Deva}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|-izmus}}
* Icelandic: -{{t|is|stefna|f}}; {{t|is|-ismi|m}}, {{t|is|-ismus|m}} {{qualifier|rare}}
* Indonesian: {{t+|id|-isme}}
* Interlingua: {{t|ia|-ismo}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|-ismo|m}}
* Japanese: {{t+|ja|主義|alt=-主義|tr=-しゅぎ, -shugi}}, {{q|loanwords, vowel "i" can be merged into kana of the previous consonant}} {{t+|ja|イズム|tr=-izumu|alt=-イズム}}, {{t+|ja|教|tr=きょう, -kyō}} {{q|religion}}
* Khmer: {{t+|km|និយម|alt=-និយម|sc=Khmr}}, {{t+|km|លទ្ធិ|alt=លទ្ធិ-|sc=Khmr}}
* Korean: {{t+|ko|주의|alt=-주의(主義)}}, {{t+|ko|이즘}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{t+|kmr|-îzm}}
* Ladino: {{t|lad|-izmo}}
* Lao: {{t+|lo|ລັດທິ|alt=ລັດທິ-}}, {{t|lo|ນິຍົມ|alt=-ນິຍົມ}}
* Latin: {{t|la|-ismus|m}}, {{t|la|-isma|n}}
* Latvian: {{t|lv|-isms|m}}
* Lithuanian: {{t|lt|-izmas|m}}
* Macedonian: {{t|mk|-и́зам|m}}
* Malay: {{t+|ms|-isme}}
* Maltese: {{t|mt|-iżmu|m}}
* Norman: {{t|nrf|-isme|m}}
* Norwegian:
*: Bokmål: {{t+|nb|-isme|m}}
*: Nynorsk: {{t|nn|-isme|m}}
* Occitan: {{t|oc|-isme|m}}
* Persian: {{t|fa|ـیسم|tr=-ism}}, {{t+|fa|گرایی|tr=gerâi}}, {{t+|fa|پرستی|tr=parasti}}
* Polish: {{t+|pl|-yzm|m}}, {{t+|pl|-izm|m}}
* Portuguese: {{t+|pt|-ismo|m}}
* Punjabi: {{t|pa|-ਵਾਦ|m}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|-ism|n}}
*: Cyrillic: {{t|ro|-исм|n}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|-и́зм|m}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|-изам|m}}
*: Roman: {{t|sh|-izam|m}}
* Sicilian: {{t|scn|-ìsima|f}},  {{t|scn|-ìsimu|m}}, {{t+|scn|-ismu}} {{qualifier|borrowed from Italian}}
* Slovak: {{t|sk|-izmus|m}}
* Slovene: {{t|sl|-izem|m}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|-ismo|m}}
* Swedish: {{t+|sv|-ism|c}}
* Thai: {{t+|th|ลัทธิ|alt=ลัทธิ-|tr=láttí-}}, {{t+|th|นิยม|alt=-นิยม}}
* Tagalog: {{t|tl|-ismo}}
* Turkish: {{t+|tr|-izm}}
* Ukrainian: {{t|uk|-і́зм|m}}, {{t|uk|-и́зм|m}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+|vi|chủ nghĩa|alt=chủ nghĩa-}} ({{t|vi|主義|alt=主義-}})
* Volapük: {{t+|vo|-im}}
* Walloon: {{t+|wa|-isse}}
* Welsh: {{t+|cy|-aeth|f}}, {{t+|cy|-iaeth|f}}
* Yiddish: {{t|yi|־יזם|m}}
* Zazaki: {{t|zza|-izm}}
* Zhuang: {{t|za|cujyi|alt=-cujyi}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{checktrans-top}}
* Corsican: {{t-check|co|-ismu|m}}
* Icelandic: {{t-check|is|-ismi|m}}
* Interlingua: {{t-check|ia|-ismo}}
* Latin: {{t-check|la|-ismus|m}}
* Low German: {{t-check|nds|-ismus|m}}
* Luxembourgish: {{t-check|lb|-ismus|m}}
* Sardinian: {{t-check|sc|-ismu|m}}
* Sicilian: {{t|scn|-ìsima|f}}, {{t|scn|-ìsimu|m}}
* Slovene: {{t-check|sl|-izem|m}}
* Sundanese: {{t-check|su|-isme}}
* Tibetan: {{t-check|bo|རིང་ལུགས}}
{{trans-bottom}}

====References====
* Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "-ism, ''suffix''".

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=ims|IMS|IMs|MIS|MIs|MSI|SIM|Sim|mis-|sim}}

==Romanian==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|ro|-исм||Moldovan Cyrillic spelling}}

===Etymology===
{{bor+|ro|la|-ismus}}, {{der|ro|fr|-isme}}, ultimately from {{der|ro|grc|-ισμός}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|ro|/ism/}}

===Suffix===
{{ro-noun|n|e|suff=1}}

# {{l|en|-ism}} {{qualifier|indicates a belief or principle}}
#: {{suffixusex|ro|creștin|creștinism|gloss1=Christian|gloss2=Christianity}}
#: {{suffixusex|ro|anarhie|anarhism|gloss1=anarchy|gloss2=anarchism}}

====Declension====
{{ro-noun-n}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|ro}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|ro|-ist}}

==Swedish==

===Etymology===
Borrowed from {{bor|sv|fr|-isme}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|sv|[ˈɪsm]}}

===Suffix===
{{head|sv|suffix|g=c}}

# {{l|en|-ism}}
#: {{ux|sv|[[kommunism]]|communism|inline=1}}
#: {{ux|sv|[[kannibalism]]|canibalism|inline=1}}
#: {{ux|sv|[[surrealism]]|surrealism|inline=1}}

====Declension====
{{sv-infl-noun-c-er}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|sv}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|sv|ism}}
* {{l|sv|-ist}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|sv|a=ims|sim}}

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Module:qualifier/templates (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:quote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:require when needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ro-headword (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:ro-translit (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:ru-common (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ru-translit (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:script utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:script utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:scripts/charToScript (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:scripts/data (view source) (autopatroller protected)
Module:scripts/recognition data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:string/char (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:string/encode entities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:string utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:sv-nouns (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:syllables (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:table (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:table tools (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:template parser (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:th (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:th-pron (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:th-translit (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:translations (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:translations/data (view source) (autopatroller protected)
Module:translations/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:transliteration/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:uk-translit (view source) (autopatroller protected)
Module:usex (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:usex/templates (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:wikimedia languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:wikimedia languages/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:yesno (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:yi-translit (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:zh-generateforms (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:zh-translit (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:zh/data/lect codes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:zh/data/st (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:zh/data/ts (view source) (semi-protected)

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