了
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Translingual
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Han character
了 (Kangxi radical 6, 亅+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓弓 (NN), four-corner 17207, composition ⿱乛亅 or ⿱乛㇁)
Derived characters
- 𡤼, 𠆨, 𠖭, 𠮩, 𢆳, 𢩪, 𣱾, 𭨥, 𣎸, 𣬝, 辽, 𤽀, 𭾙, 䄦, 𪜜, 𥾇, 𬚊, 䑠, 𧘈, 𧺐, 𧾿, 𪞠, 釕(钌), 𫘵, 𩵌, 𩾒(𬷽), 𪌀, 𬼷, 𭣡, 𬻺, 𪟽, 㝋, 𭙏, 𦫼, 疗, 𥤣, 亨, 爳, 𬼶, 𠙶, 叾, 𬼹, 𠄏
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 85, character 11
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 226
- Dae Jaweon: page 173, character 20
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 48, character 6
- Unihan data for U+4E86
Chinese
trad. | 了/瞭* | |
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simp. | 了 | |
瞭 – sense “clear” |
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 了 |
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Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
Small seal script |
References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Pictogram (象形) – a baby wrapped in a blanket, with only the head visible. Compare with 子, where the arms are visible.
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Etymology 1
From Proto-Sinitic *leʀ
Verb “to finish; to be completed” > perfective aspect particle (了₁, weakened form) > change-of-state modal particle (了₂).
Two kinds of particle uses of 了 can be distinguished: the perfective aspect particle after verbs (conventionally written as 了₁) and the sentence-final modal particle (了₂). It is generally accepted (Wu, 1998) that these two uses of 了 are derived from the concrete verb “to finish”. The grammaticalisation of this verb had become common in the Tang Dynasty, initially in the form of ‹verb + (object) + perfective 了› to indicate the completion of an action.
The perfective particle subsequently underwent further grammaticalisation to become the sentence-final change-of-state modal particle; Liu (1985) has demonstrated that this last step may have involved the coalescence of sentence-final 了 with 也 in certain Mandarin dialects, as the pronunciations of 了₁ and 了₂ are distinct in these dialects, with 了₂ rhyming with 也.
This word is cognate with Thai แล้ว (lɛ́ɛo, “to be finished; already; then, afterwards”), Lao ແລ້ວ (lǣu, “to finish; to be completed; perfective particle”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): no2 / no3
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ли (li, 0)
- Cantonese (Jyutping): liu5
- Gan (Wiktionary): lieu
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): làu
- Eastern Min (BUC): lāu
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5leq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ˙ㄌㄜ
- Tongyong Pinyin: le̊
- Wade–Giles: lê5
- Yale: le
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .le
- Palladius: лэ (lɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /lə/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄠˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: liǎo
- Wade–Giles: liao3
- Yale: lyǎu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leau
- Palladius: ляо (ljao)
- Sinological IPA (key): /li̯ɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, dated variant)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ˙ㄌㄡ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lo̊u
- Wade–Giles: lou5
- Yale: lou
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .lou
- Palladius: лоу (lou)
- Sinological IPA (key): /loʊ̯/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: no2 / no3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lo / lo
- Sinological IPA (key): /no²¹/, /no⁵³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ли (li, 0)
- Sinological IPA (key): /li⁰/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Chengdu)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: liu5
- Yale: líuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: liu5
- Guangdong Romanization: liu5
- Sinological IPA (key): /liːu̯¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: lieu
- Sinological IPA (key): /liɛu/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lé
- Hakka Romanization System: leˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: le3
- Sinological IPA: /le³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: làu
- Sinological IPA (key): /lau⁴²/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: lāu
- Sinological IPA (key): /l̃au³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
Definitions
- Used after a verb to indicate perfective aspect (action completion).
- Used at the end of a sentence to indicate a change of state.
- Used at the end of a sentence to inform the beginning of an action.
Synonyms
Usage notes
- (perfective aspect particle): Most of the time, 了 is translated by a past tense. But it can also indicate that one action is completed before another.
- (change of state particle): When used as the change of state particle, 了 can be translated by “now”, “already” or “not anymore”.
- In a question, 了 is put before the particle 嗎/吗 (ma).
- (Northern Wu): see 脫了#Usage notes
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2
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Definitions
- to be finished; to be completed
- to end; to finish
- to understand; to comprehend
- 了解 ― liǎojiě ― to understand; to realize
- clear; plain; understandable
- bright; intelligent; smart
- (in negative sentences) completely; utterly; entirely
- Used with 不 (bù) or 得 (de) after verbs to express possibility.
- (Hokkien) to use up; to lose; to waste; to squander
Synonyms
Variety | Location | Words |
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Classical Chinese | 靡 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 浪費, 靡費 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 糟蹋, 糟踐 |
Taiwan | 浪費, 糟蹋 | |
Harbin | 糟踐 | |
Singapore | 浪費 | |
Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 糟蹋, 糟踐 |
Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 糟蹋 |
Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 糟蹋, 拋撒 |
Wuhan | 糟蹋, 拋撒 | |
Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 作蹋 |
Hefei | 糟蹋 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 嘥, 嘥撻 |
Hong Kong | 嘥 | |
Taishan | 嘥 | |
Kaiping (Chikan) | 嘥 | |
Dongguan | 嘥 | |
Yangjiang | 嘥 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 嘥 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 糟蹋 |
Hakka | Meixian | 浪撇 |
Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 打爽 | |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 打爽, 浪核 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 打爽 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 打爽 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 打爽 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 打爽 | |
Jin | Taiyuan | 糟蹋 |
Northern Min | Jian'ou | 糟蹋 |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 敗, 作蹋 |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 拍損, 仄挩 |
Quanzhou | 拍損, 仄挩 | |
Zhangzhou | 拍損 | |
Tainan | 拍損, 仄挩 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 損 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 拍損, 了 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 仄挩, 了 | |
Chaozhou | 噠浪 | |
Jieyang | 噠浪 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 拍損 | |
Wu | Suzhou | 糟蹋 |
Wenzhou | 糟, 殘嘈 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 糟蹋 |
Shuangfeng | 糟蹋 |
Compounds
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Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of 了 – see 尞 (“ancient offering involving burning wood; etc.”). (This character is the second-round simplified form of 尞). |
Notes:
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Etymology 3
For pronunciation and definitions of 了 – see 潦. (This character is the second-round simplified form of 潦). |
Notes:
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Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)←れう (reu, historical)
- Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)←れう (reu, historical)
- Kun: おえる (oeru, 了える)←をへる (woferu, 了へる, historical)、おわる (owaru, 了わる)←をはる (wofaru, 了はる, historical)、しまう (shimau, 了う)←しまふ (simafu, 了ふ, historical)、ついに (tsuini, 了に)←つひに (tufini, 了に, historical)
Compounds
Noun
Proper noun
- a male given name
Korean
Hanja
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese
Han character
了: Hán Việt readings: liễu (
了: Nôm readings: lểu[1][2][4][5], lẽo[1][2][3], liễu[1][2][5], lẻo[1][2], léo[1][4], líu[1][4], lếu[3][4], sáu[1], lèo[1], tréo[2]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
References
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- CJK Compatibility Ideographs block
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han pictograms
- Mandarin terms with audio pronunciation
- Cantonese terms with audio pronunciation
- Hokkien terms with audio pronunciation
- Mandarin terms with multiple pronunciations
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
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- Dungan lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Gan lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Northern Min lemmas
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- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Chinese hanzi
- Mandarin hanzi
- Sichuanese hanzi
- Dungan hanzi
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- Gan hanzi
- Hakka hanzi
- Northern Min hanzi
- Eastern Min hanzi
- Hokkien hanzi
- Teochew hanzi
- Wu hanzi
- Chinese particles
- Mandarin particles
- Sichuanese particles
- Dungan particles
- Cantonese particles
- Gan particles
- Hakka particles
- Northern Min particles
- Eastern Min particles
- Hokkien particles
- Teochew particles
- Wu particles
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 了
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Hokkien Chinese
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- Beginning Mandarin
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- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading りょう
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading れう
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading りょう
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading れう
- Japanese kanji with kun reading お・える
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading を・へる
- Japanese kanji with kun reading お・わる
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading を・はる
- Japanese kanji with kun reading しま・う
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading しま・ふ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading つい・に
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading つひ・に
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 了
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Japanese entries with language name categories using raw markup
- Japanese proper nouns
- Japanese given names
- Japanese male given names
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
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