Monitor the Battery Level and Charging State

When you're altering the frequency of your background updates to reduce the effect of those updates on battery life, checking the current battery level and charging state is a good place to start.

The battery-life impact of performing application updates depends on the battery level and charging state of the device. The impact of performing updates while the device is charging over AC is negligible, so in most cases you can maximize your refresh rate whenever the device is connected to a wall charger. Conversely, if the device is discharging, reducing your update rate helps prolong the battery life.

Similarly, you can check the battery charge level, potentially reducing the frequency of—or even stopping—your updates when the battery charge is nearly exhausted.

Determine the current charging state

Start by determining the current charge status. The BatteryManager broadcasts all battery and charging details in a sticky Intent that includes the charging status.

Because it's a sticky intent, you don't need to register a BroadcastReceiver—by simply calling registerReceiver passing in null as the receiver as shown in the next snippet, the current battery status intent is returned. You could pass in an actual BroadcastReceiver object here, but we'll be handling updates in a later section so it's not necessary.

val batteryStatus: Intent? = IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED).let { ifilter ->
    context.registerReceiver(null, ifilter)
}

IntentFilter ifilter = new IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_BATTERY_CHANGED);
Intent batteryStatus = context.registerReceiver(null, ifilter);

You can extract both the current charging status and, if the device is being charged, whether it's charging via USB or AC charger:

val status: Int = batteryStatus?.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_STATUS, -1) ?: -1
val isCharging: Boolean = status == BatteryManager.BATTERY_STATUS_CHARGING
        || status == BatteryManager.BATTERY_STATUS_FULL

// How are we charging?
val chargePlug: Int = batteryStatus?.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_PLUGGED, -1) ?: -1
val usbCharge: Boolean = chargePlug == BatteryManager.BATTERY_PLUGGED_USB
val acCharge: Boolean = chargePlug == BatteryManager.BATTERY_PLUGGED_AC

// Are we charging / charged?
int status = batteryStatus.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_STATUS, -1);
boolean isCharging = status == BatteryManager.BATTERY_STATUS_CHARGING ||
                     status == BatteryManager.BATTERY_STATUS_FULL;

// How are we charging?
int chargePlug = batteryStatus.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_PLUGGED, -1);
boolean usbCharge = chargePlug == BatteryManager.BATTERY_PLUGGED_USB;
boolean acCharge = chargePlug == BatteryManager.BATTERY_PLUGGED_AC;

Typically you should maximize the rate of your background updates in the case where the device is connected to an AC charger, reduce the rate if the charge is over USB, and lower it further if the battery is discharging.

Monitor changes in charging state

The charging status can change as easily as a device can be plugged in, so it's important to monitor the charging state for changes and alter your refresh rate accordingly.

The BatteryManager broadcasts an action whenever the device is connected or disconnected from power. It's important to receive these events even while your app isn't running—particularly as these events should impact how often you start your app in order to initiate a background update—so you should register a BroadcastReceiver in your manifest to listen for both events by defining the ACTION_POWER_CONNECTED and ACTION_POWER_DISCONNECTED within an intent filter.

<receiver android:name=".PowerConnectionReceiver">
  <intent-filter>
    <action android:name="android.intent.action.ACTION_POWER_CONNECTED"/>
    <action android:name="android.intent.action.ACTION_POWER_DISCONNECTED"/>
  </intent-filter>
</receiver>

Determine the current battery level

In some cases it's also useful to determine the current battery level. You may choose to reduce the rate of your background updates if the battery charge is below a certain level.

You can find the current battery charge by extracting the current battery level and scale from the battery status intent as shown here:

val batteryPct: Float? = batteryStatus?.let { intent ->
    val level: Int = intent.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_LEVEL, -1)
    val scale: Int = intent.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_SCALE, -1)
    level * 100 / scale.toFloat()
}

int level = batteryStatus.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_LEVEL, -1);
int scale = batteryStatus.getIntExtra(BatteryManager.EXTRA_SCALE, -1);

float batteryPct = level * 100 / (float)scale;

React to significant changes in battery level

You can't easily continually monitor the battery state, but you don't need to.

Generally speaking, the impact of monitoring the battery level has a greater impact on the battery than your app's normal behavior. For example, registering a BroadcastReceiver in the manifest to cancel pending work when the battery is low will mainly serve to drain the battery further (and is therefore impossible since Android 8.0). Instead, you can provide constraints on work that describe when it should be run, allowing the system to make the decision without spending power starting your app.

It is generally good practice to not run your background updates when the battery is critically low. It doesn't matter how fresh your data is if the phone turns itself off before you can make use of it. To do this, use the WorkManager library with a BatteryNotLow constraint to specify that the work should not be run if the battery is low (in addition to any relevant NetworkType constraints).

In many cases, the act of charging a device is coincident with putting it into a dock. To learn more, see Determine and monitor the docking state and type.