PURA
Pur-alfa jest protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom PURA sa hromosoma 5, sekvenca q31.[5][6][7]
Pur-alfa je drevni, multifunkcionalni DNK– i RNK-vezujući protein.[5][8] PURA je eksprimiran u svim ljudskim tkivima, gdje postoji kao protein od 322 aminokiseline. Prema konvenciji, gen "PURA", napisan je kurzivom svim velikim slovima. Protein Pur-alfa, napisan je velikim slovom i može se naći kao Pur-alfa, Pur-α, Pura, Puralfa, Pur alfa i Pur1.
Aminokiselinska sekvenca
[uredi | uredi izvor]Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je 322 aminokiseline, а molekulska težina 34.911 Da.[9]
10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MADRDSGSEQ | GGAALGSGGS | LGHPGSGSGS | GGGGGGGGGG | GGSGGGGGGA | ||||
PGGLQHETQE | LASKRVDIQN | KRFYLDVKQN | AKGRFLKIAE | VGAGGNKSRL | ||||
TLSMSVAVEF | RDYLGDFIEH | YAQLGPSQPP | DLAQAQDEPR | RALKSEFLVR | ||||
ENRKYYMDLK | ENQRGRFLRI | RQTVNRGPGL | GSTQGQTIAL | PAQGLIEFRD | ||||
ALAKLIDDYG | VEEEPAELPE | GTSLTVDNKR | FFFDVGSNKY | GVFMRVSEVK | ||||
PTYRNSITVP | YKVWAKFGHT | FCKYSEEMKK | IQEKQREKRA | ACEQLHQQQQ | ||||
QQQEETAAAT | LLLQGEEEGE | ED |
Evolucijsko konzerviranje i funkcija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Pur-alfa je bio prva jednolančana specifična sekvenca proteina koji veže DNK, otkriven kod viših organizama (GenBank M96684.1; GI: 190749).[5] Veže se i za jednolančanu i dvolančanu DNK, koja stupa u kontakt sa ostacima G-a u lancu bogatom purinom na svom mjestu vezanja. Kumulativni podaci pokazuju da se Pur-alfa prvenstveno veže za sekvencu (G2-4N1-3)n, gdje N označava nukleotid G, a n broj ponavljanja ove male sekvence. U ovoj sekvenci N se može ponoviti do tri puta.[5][10] Nakon identifikacije Pur-faktora, koji je specifično vezao sekvencu bogatu purinom u kontrolnoj regiji gena c-MYC,[11] gen PURA, koji kodira protein, Pur-alfa, kloniran je i sekvenciran i za čovjeka [5] i za miša (GenBank U02098.1).[8] Pur-alfa pripada četveročlanoj porodici proteina Pur, koja također uključuje i Pur-beta (GenBank AY039216.1; GI:14906267)[5] i dva oblika Pur-gama (varijanta A, GenBank AF195513.2; varijanta B, GenBank AY077841).[12]
Proteinske sekvence Pur-a od bakterija do ljudi sadrže segment aminokiselina koji je jako konzerviran (vidi NCBI smart00712).[5][13] Ljudski Pur-alfa sadrži tri ponavljanja ovog Pur-domena, a bakterijski jedno.[5][14] Ovo evolucijsko konzerviranje znači da je specifična sekvenca ovog domena važna za opstanak većine vrsta u čitavom spektru živih organizama. Ova bitna priroda domena Pur izaziva specifične propmjene, jer se funkcije Pur-alfa u nižim organizmima i ljudima uveliko razlikuju. Naprimjer, Pur-alfa je kod sisara neophodan za razvoj mozga i krvnih ćelija,[15] ali bakterije nemaju mozak i krv. Kod ljudi Pur-alpha funkcionira kako bi aktivirao transkripciju u jedru, olakšao transport RNK u citoplazmi i regulirao replikaciju DNK u ćelijskom ciklusu.[13] U određenim funkcijama, Pur-alpha komunicira s članom porodice Pur-beta.[16][17] Nekoliko regulatornih funkcija ćelijskog ciklusa može biti posredovano vezivanjem Pur-alfe za Ciklin/Cdk protein- kinaza, koje fosforilizira proteine koji reguliraju prelazne tačke ćelijskog ciklusa.[18][19] Potrebe za Pur-alfu u svim organizmima ujedinjeni su sa njenoj sposobnosti da veže nukleinske kiseline zajedno sa sposobnošću interakcije s regulatornim i transportnim proteinima.
Klinički značaj
[uredi | uredi izvor]Genetički poremnećaj u leukemiji i antiproliferativni efekt
[uredi | uredi izvor]PURA , koji se nalazi u q35. hromosoma 5, često se deletira kod osoba koje imaju mijelodisplazijski sindrom (MDS),[20] poremećaj bijelih krvnih zrnaca, koji može napredovati do akutne mijelogena leukemije (AML). Gubitak jedne kopije hromosoma 7 također je čest u MDS. PURB, gen koji kodira Pur-beta, nalazi se na sekvenci 7p13. Vizuelna fluorescentna analiza hromosoma pacijenata s MDS-om pokazuje da su delecije PURA na 5q31 snažnije povezane s progresijom MDS-a u AML u kombinaciji s delecijama gena PURB, uključujući i potpuni gubitak hromosoma 7.[6] Sve zabilježene delecije PURA uključuju samo jedan od dva uparena hromosoma izvedena iz roditelja. Implikacija je da su Pur-alfa i Pur-beta svaki kodominantno eksprimifran, te da su nivoi haploida nedovoljni za zaštitni učinak protiv raka. Sve poznate delecije PURA kod ljudi javljaju se u samo jednoj od dvije kopije hromosoma 5.[21]
Izazivanje povećane razine Pur-alfa u nekoliko različitih kultiviranih ćelijskih linija raka blokira proliferaciju ćelija. Također blokira stvaranje kolonija neovisnih o sidrištima, što je znak raka.[18][22] To se dešava bilo da se Pur-alfa mikroinjektira ili eksprimira nakon uvođenja klonirane PURA cDNK u ćelije.[23] Inhibicija proliferacije ćelija raka Pur-alfa javlja se na određenim tačkama ciklusa ćelijske deobe, prvenstveno na kontrolnim tačkama za prelazak na replikaciju DNK ili mitozu.[23] Ovi efekti ćelijskog ciklusa su konzistentni sa interakcijom između Pur-alfa i CDK, protein-kinaza zavisnih od ćelijskog ciklusa.[18] Također su konzistentni sa dokumentovanom interakcijom između Pur-alfa i proteina supresora tumora, Rb.[24]
Uloga u razvoju sisarskog mozga i neurološkim bolestima
[uredi | uredi izvor]Studije genetičke inaktivacije PURA na mišu pružile su dokaze koji vode do toga za poremećaje gena PURA u bolesti mozga. Homozigotni "PURA" nokaut-miševi uginu ubrzo nakon rođenja, s teškim defektima u razvoju moždanog sloja, trošenjem tkiva i poremećajima kretanja. Defekti u razvoju krvnih zrnaca su također značajni i nije poznato kako mogu uticati na mozak. Heterozigotni nokaut-miševi ne uginu rano, već pokazuju poremećaje slične napadima.[15] U hipokampusnim neuronima pacova, Pur-alfa se nalazi u citoplazmi, zajedno s transkriptima iRNK, u kompleksu uključujući nekodirajuće RNK, Pur-beta, proteine intelektualne invalidnosti fragilnog X i protein povezan s mikrotubulama. Ovaj kompleks transportira kinezinski motor[25][26] na mjesta translacije na spojevima dendrita živčanih ćelija.[27] Nedavno su mutacije PURA pronađene kod više pacijenata s poremećajima mozga sličnog fenotipa, uključujući hipotoniju, zaostajanje u razvoju, poremećaje kretanja i napade ili pokrete slične napadima.[28][29][30] Ovaj spektar moždanih poremećaja sličan je fenotipu sindroma centralnog nervnog sistema koji se naziva sindrom mikrodelecije 5q31.3 [28] i osnova je za predloženi sindrom PURA[31] zasnovan na mutacijama PURA, a ne samo na deleciji.
Uticaj na replikaciju HIV-1
[uredi | uredi izvor]U mozgu, Pur-alfa ima ulogu u bolestima koje uključuju glijine ćelije, ćelije koje podržavaju nervne ćelije, kao i u bolestima koje uključuju same nervne ćelije. Ove bolesti uključuju neuro-AIDS. Pur-alfa se veže za regulatorni element RNK, zvani TAR, u HIV-1 genom.[32] Time se aktivira ekspresija Tat-a, transkripcijskog aktivatora vlastitog gena. Pur-alfa veže TAR, omogućavajući Tat-u da veže susjedno TAR mjesto, kako bi stimulirao transkripciju. Pur-alfa se tada veže za sam Tat-protein. Pur-alfa se također veže za ciklin T1, regulatorni partner Cdk9 protein-kinaza, neophodan za aktivnost Tat-a. Ciklin T1/Cdk9 fosforilira područje RNK-polimeraze II. Takva fosforilacija polimeraze povećava njenu sposobnost da dovrši sintezu RNK i stimulira replikaciju gena HIV-1 RNK.[33][34]
Kooperativni efekat sa HIV-1 na replikaciju i ekspresiju JC poliomavirusa
[uredi | uredi izvor]Pur-alfa učestvuje u razvoju progresivna multifokalna leukoencefalopatija (PML), gubitku živčane ovojnice koju stvaraju oligodendroglijske ćelije.[33][35][36] Iako se HIV-1 obično ne nalazi u tim glijskim ćelijama, proteini HIV-1 mogu proći kroz ćelijske membrane, kako bi ušli u njih. JCV smatra se uzročnikom PML-a. JCV se aktivira u glijinim ćelijama zbog određenih stanja supresije imunskog sistema, uključujući infekciju HIV-1.[37] Dokumentirani su podaci o interakciji između Pur-alga, proteina HIV-1, Tat i Pur-alfa-vezujuće regulacijske sekvence u DNK JCV-a.[36] Pur-alfa djeluje putem izmjene i replikacije i ekspresije JCV.[35][36][38][39][40]
Uloga u amiotrofnoj lateralnoj sklerozi (ALS)
[uredi | uredi izvor]Pur-alfa igra ulogu u ALS, inače poznata kao Lou Gehrigova bolest. ALS je bolest motornih neurona koja zahvata i mozak i kičmenu moždinu, što rezultira progresivnim gubitkom kontrole mišića. ALS ima nekoliko uzroka koji doprinose tome, ali je najčešći porodični oblik posljedica proširenog ponavljanja heksanukleotida GGGGCC na hromosomskom lokusu otvorenog okvira čitanja C9ORF72.[41][42] C9ORF72-ova heksanukleotidna ponovna ekspanzija (HRE) može vrlo čvrsto vezati Pur-alfu. Pur-alfa može djelovati u ALS-u, direktno vežući ovu ekspanziju ponavljanja DNK ili njen jednolančani transkript RNK.[42][43] Jedna od potencijalnih posljedica ovog vezivanja bila bi uticaj na neuobičajenu translaciju ovog ponavljanja transkripta, što rezultira dugim ponavljanjima dipeptida. To se naziva inicijacija translacije RAN (Repeat Associated Non-ATG).[44] Pridruživanje aberantne Pur-alfa sa segmentom RNK sekvence takođe može biti karakteristika ALS tipova koji ne uključuju ekspanziju C9ORF72.[45] Dodavanje Pur-alfe potiskuje neurodegeneraciju u neuronskim ćelijama miša i u Drosophila, eksprimirajući C9ORF72 HRE.[42] Pur-alfa također poništava neuronske promjene uzrokovane defektima u genu FUS, što može dovesti do ALS-a.[45][46] Mehanizam djelovanja Pur-alfe kod ALS-a nije poznat. Još nema dokaza da je sama sekvenca PURA mutirana u 9ORF72-ovom obliku ALS-a. Umjesto toga, to je regulatorna sekvenca nukleinske kiseline na koju se veže Pur-alfa koja je promijenjena.
Reference
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