Gambia

(甘比亞共和國; Ikiris a sowal: Republic of the Gambia;^[1] 通稱甘比亞; Ikiris a sowal: The Gambia）

O itiraay i saka’etipan no Afrika,5 mataliyok no Sayniciyaer ko sera, o kakahad ira ko 11,295 km², o sasafaay a kitakit i Afrika.^[2]

Mihefalat a romakat ko Kanpiya-’Alo tona kitakit pasitira i Tasiyang-Riyara micomod. 1965 miheca, miliyas to pikowan no Ikiris a misiiked patireng to niyah a kitakit. o polong a tamdaw ira 191 ’ofad (2014 mihecaan a sa’osi), o sasafaay ko kacomahad itini i hekal.

Ona “Kanpiya” hananay a sowal o nani sowal no Mantinka (kambra/kambaa)[1], o Kanpiya –‘Alo Sanany ko imi ona sowal. Do’edoen ko Sifo’ay-Spay (no Amirika) a nipasadakan a tilid, Midemakay-Lalomaan no kitakit no Amirika, Tawosi-Sinpon a nipasadakan a cicu ato Tahada’ocay-Pangangan Iiknkay no Ikiris, dengan o Kanpiya ko nipacipingan i ka’ayaw no ngangan to “the” (o roma i, Pahama).^[3] 1965 miheca misiiked to i, laheci han to ko pangangan to Kanpiya. 1970 mihecaan ikor to pilekal patireng to kapolongan kitakit, o malaheciay a ngangan o Kanpiya Kapolongan Kitakit.^[4] 2015 miheca saka 12 folad o I’yaway a congtong no Kanpiya ci Yiehayya-Ciyami (葉海亞·賈梅; Yahya Jammeh), falicen ningra to Kanpiya Islam-kapolongan kitakit.^[5] 2017 miheca saka 1 folad saka 29 romi’ad Atama-Palo congtong paloloen ho a mifalic patatikor to Kanpiya Kapolongan-kitakit.^[6][7]

O cecay a pecih no Kana Hontian-Kitakit (迦納帝國/瓦加杜; Wagadou) ato Sonhay Hontian-Kitakit (桑海帝國; Empire of Songhai ko Kanpiya). O satelangay a kirok ono Arapiya a paliwalay tamdaw i saka 9 sici ato saka 10 sici. Patireng ko paliwalay tamdaw no Arapiya to mihefalatay a lalan i Sahara kanahikoan to sapipaliwalaw to koli, ‘ekim ato pacekis no ‘eco. I saka15 sici maala no Potawaya ko iriyaray a lalan to sapipaliwal, itiya i, o cecay no Mali Hotian-Kitakit ko Kanpiya.

1588 miheca i’ayaw no kalahontian no Potawaya a tamdaw ci Antongniaw, mapa’aca ko mitekeday salongoc a kalali’aca i Kanpiya-‘Alo i Ikiris a paliwalay tamdaw, nani Ilisapay sakacecay ko pipawacay tona kalali’acan. 1618 miheca, honti no Ikiris ci Camusi sakacecay paliwalen ningra i kosi no Ikiris ato Msa’ekimay-Salawacan no riyar (aniniay a Kana kitakit) a katatilidan tona kalali’aca ko sapipawacay.nani 1651 miheca tahira I 1661 miheca ma’aca no wawa no Kurlan hoti ci Yakopo-Kotole ko Kanpiya, malamikowanan no Polan-Litawan Patatekoan kitakit ko Kanpiya. Itiya ho o nikowanan no Polan ko Kurlan.

Nani saikoran no saka 17 sici misatapang tahira i kaleponan no saka 18 sici, cacorocorok sa ko Inkelan ato Fransu a mala’afas to sapikowanaw to sieci ato kali’aca tayal no Kanpiya. 1783 miheca matatilid to Fanersay-Karihaday Kakaketonan (《凡爾賽條約》或《凡爾賽和約》; Fransu a sowal: Traité de Versailles; Ikiris a sowal: Treaty of Versailles) laheci sato ko kamaro’ no Ikiris to Kanpiya kitakit, nikawrira, ma’osaw ho no Fransu ko i saka’amisay lawac no Kanpiya-‘Alo a malala’eday sera (exclave), tahira to i 1857 miheca nga’ pafeli han to i Ikiris.

Itini i tolo so’ot ko mihecaan a pakariyaray a paliwal to koli, mata’elif ko 3 so’ot ‘ofad a koli nani tiniay i Kanpiya a palowad. 1807 miheca palasawaden no Ikiris Hontian-Kitakit ko kali’aca to koli, itira ko sapitakeraw no Ikiris to kali’aca to koli, nikawrira, cowa ka laheci. 1816 miheca pa’aroen no Ikiris ko sofitay i Pasosto (aniniay a Pancu). Ikora to no nini Layong-tolos a sotok no Ikiris ko mikowanay to Pancu. 1888 miheca palaliyasen ko Kanpiya a misiiked, 1889 miheca malasakowan no Ikiris. Nikawrira,o nili’etanan i Kanpiya caay ko mamalawis ko kaadihay no sakatayal a payso, kinapinapina a pacoli ko Kalisa’otan-Kitakit to sapilowanaw to sakowan ano ca sapipalasawadaw, nikawrira, mitoker ko Riyaran-Sofitay i Cinoya to sapipalasawadaw to kali’aca to koli, sa caay ka piliyas tona Kanpiya.

Iikor no Sakatos-Lalood no Hekal, macaloh to sapisongila’aw to sieci a faco. 1962 miheca a kapolongan sinkiw, mahayi no roma a kitakit ko kalaheci no niyah-pikowan to lalomaan demak. 1965 miheca saka 2 folad saka 18 romi’ad laheci sato ko Kanpiya a misiiked, mapatireng ko Hontian-Rikec a kitakit I laloma no Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep (大英國協; Ikiris a sowal: Commonwealth of Nations). I 1970 miheca saka 4 folad saka 24 romi’ad, midemak to Kapolongan-Pitopa to pikaheci a patireng to Kapolongan-Kitakit.i’ayaw no pakakowangay-pifelih no sofitay i 1994 miheca, ci Tawuta-Kaylapa-Ciyawala (Sir Dawda Kairaba David Kweissi Jawara) ko malacongtongay, kana’enemay a pararid malacongtong.i 1994 miheca saka 7 folad, patireng to pacarcaray a Mamatayal-Iinkay (The Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council, AFPRC) mifelih a palasawad to kalacongtong ni Ciyawala, o kakeridan no sofitay ci Tiehaya-Ciyami (Yahya A.J.J. Jammeh) ko malatapangay no kitakit.

2013 miheca saka 10 folad saka 2 romi’ad, milekal to piliyas to Tata'akay Ikiris a Lekatep. Saka 11 folad saka 14 romi’ad, o kaci’epoc no kitakit a demak sa a milekal to palasawad malawidang ato Ciwka-Minkok. 2015 miheca saka 12 folad saka 11 romi’ad, milakal ci Yiehaya-Ciyami to pifalic to ngangan no kitakit to Islam-Kapolongan kitakit, to sapipahapinangaw to ka’aloman no mitooray to Islam ato mi’ecoay mikowan a rikis, nikawrira, mifelihay to Tatapangan-Rikec no kitakit sa ko pipacoli no mitokeray cefang.^[8][9] 2016 miheca saka 12 folad, malowid ni Atama-Paro ci Ciyami i sinkiw no congtong, cakayoyang ci Ciyami caka patorod to salongoc no sakowan no kitakit, ikor to adihay to ko pipenec no roma a kitakit, foraw sato ci Ciyami tayra i roma a kitakit.^[10] 2017 miheca saka 1 folad, oya maalaay to sinkiw no congtong ci Atama-Paro patatikoren ho ko ngangan no kitakit to Kanpiya-Kapolongan kitakit.^[11]

Itiraay I saka’etipan no Afrika karopaw, sahetoay o dafdaf no salawacan no Kanpiya-‘alo, masadasdasay ko faco no sera, nani tongroh no riyar ira ko 40-50 laya’. Sato’edaw a ma’ipoc, micomod i Sanikar-kapolongan kitakit. Mihifalat ko rakat nani kawali tara’etip ko Kanpiya-‘Alo, ta micomod i Taysiyang-Riyar. O fa’etay ko kakarayan itini, kodefet ko rakat no nanom, orasak adihay ko malafanaway no fodo’ to kasasiroma no kakarayan, o mamangay a tamina manga’ay a romakat i Kanpiya-‘alo to masaradesay no miheca tahira i kalalaedan no kitakit, i kafodo’an ira ko 5,79 laya ko pirecepan to nanom a tamina tahiraay miso’edac 240 km tangasa i Kontawr.

Tada o manikaway to kinaira no palapalaan ko Kanpiya a kitakit, o sakakaay a sapili’etan o pisalamaan no lafang, do’edo sa i, o palaliyon a paliwal to dafong ato liomah, o misanga’ay to dafong a kofa rakrak sanay i tata’angay niyaro’ Sayerkonta-si ato lawac no tatayra i Pancu-si a lalan. O tadahecek no sapili’etan no kitakit ko pisalamaan no lafang, nikawrira, tona pinapina a mihecaan malowan ko sata no taliyokay kitakit, ono niyah sa a kitakit macakat, orasaka, away to koya kahemaway ko sata sanay kakahemekan no nipaliwalay to dafong a tamdaw, o pipsasiwar a micolo’ to dafong a tayal sa mamiming sanay to. o nipalomaan no liomah i, o kodasing, panay ato ‘alilay. Cowa ka hakowa ko misamatangan a omah, adihay ko hadhad, ora cowa ka hakowa a liomah i,dengan i ka’oradan a palama to losay, sowalaw, caay ka ‘edeng to kaka’enen, mi’acaan nani roma a kitakit ko kaka’enen ato dafong.

I 2014 mihecaan a sa’osi ira ko 191 ‘ofad ko tamdaw no Kanpiya. O sakakaay a finacadan ira ko Mantinko-finacadan (mahaop ko 42%), Fola-finacadan (Poer finacadan hananay ho a pangangan, mahaop ko 16%), Wolofo-finacadan (mahaop ko 16%), Cula-finacadan (mahaop ko 10%) ato Saylafuli-finacadan (mahaop ko 9%). Latek ira ko pinapina a patek ko kohecalay tamdaw, o Yoropa ato Lipanen a tamdaw.

No sifoan a sowal o Ikiris a sowal, no finacadan a sowal o Mantinko-sowal, Wolofo-sowal, Fola-sowal (Poer-sowal) ato Saylafuli-sowal.

Mahaop ko 90% a tamdaw no Kanpiya o mitooray to Islam-Pitooran, o ‘osaw to i,o Fa’elohay-Misakeristoay, tinsikiw ato mita’ongay to maamaan.ira ko 95% a tamdaw no Kanpiya o Muslim, mikapotay ko Kanpiya to Kaloma’ocan-Islam a Lekatep.

O finacadan no Kanpiya awaay ko kalali’ang, o cecay a finacadan ira kono niyah a sowal ato pinangan.19 o Ikiris a sowal kono sifoan a sowal.

Itiyay ho i 1993 miheca a sa’osi ira ko 63% a tamdaw maro’ay i niyaro’, nawhani, matongalmatongal ko kapah miliyas to niyaro’ tayra misatokay a matayal ato mitilid. I 2003 miheca a pisa’osi , adihay to ko mitoro’an no sifo a malataokay, orasaka, samamang sato ko kalala’ed no ‘orip no i tokayay ato i niyaro’ay. O kamaro’ i tokay, halaka no sapipatirengaw to loma’ ato mitoor tono aniniay a ‘orip, fana’ sanay to ko tamdaw no Kanpiya to pinangan ato harateng no ‘epoc no Sa’etipay-kitakit. nikawrira, ono to’asan a pinangan misalimelaay to kapolongan loma’ ato maninaay, riko’ no to’as ato ilisin.

1. ↑ Adama Barrow removes Islamic from Gambia's name. naij.com. 2017-01-29 [2017-02-27]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-25）.
2. ↑ 甘比亞退出英聯邦. 頭條日報. 2013-10-03 [2013-11-19]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-16）. 西非國家甘比亞2日宣布退出大英國協
3. ↑ Why Africa's 'smiling coast' is officially referred to as 'The' Gambia. www.africanews.com. [2018-09-12]. （原始內容存檔於2018-09-12）.
4. ↑ Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia (PDF). 1996 [2016-01-29]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-02-04）.
5. ↑ La Gambie s'autoproclame "État islamique". Europe 1. 2015-12-13 [2015-12-14]. （原始內容存檔於2015-12-14） （法語）.
6. ↑ Adegun, Aanu. Adama Barrow removes 'Islamic' title from Gambia's name. Naij. 2017-01-29 [2017-01-31]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-25） （美國英語）.
7. ↑ The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms. Al Jazeera. 2017-01-28 [2017-01-31]. （原始內容存檔於2017-01-31）.
8. ↑ 冈比亚宣布成为伊斯兰共和国 标志着与英国决裂. 環球時報. 2015年12月14日. （原始內容存檔於2020年11月19日）.
9. ↑ 岡比亞改名岡比亞伊斯蘭共和國. now新聞. 2015-12-14 [2015-12-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-06-06）.
10. ↑ Gambia: Defeated leader Jammeh leaves country after election loss. CNN. 2017-01-22 [2017-02-26]. （原始內容存檔於2017-01-20）.
11. ↑ Adama Barrow removes Islamic from Gambia's name. naij.com. 2017-01-29 [2017-02-27]. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-25）.

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