Vaishnavisme
Vaishnavisme (van Sanskrit वैष्णव Vaiṣṇava, "wat tot Vishnu behoort") is een van die vier groot tradisies in Hindoeïsme; die ander is Shaivisme, Shaktisme en Smartisme. Dit word ook Vishnuïsme of Wisjnoeïsme genoem, en die volgelinge daarvan Vishnuïste of Wisjnoeïste; hulle beskou Vishnu as die oppergod.[1][2]
Beskrywing
[wysig | wysig bron]Die tradisie is veral bekend vir sy avatarleerstelling, waarin Vishnu in een van baie inkarnasies vereer word. Van hulle is 10 (die Dashavatara) die gewildstes en belangrikstes: Krishna, Rama, Narayana, Vasudeva, Hari, Vithoba, Kesava, Madhava, Govinda en Jagannath.[3][4][5] Die tradisie kan teruggespoor word na die 1ste millennium n.C. as Bhagavatisme, of Krishnaïsme.[6] Latere ontwikkelings onder leiding van die heilige Ramananda het gelei tot ’n Rama-georiënteerde beweging, wat nou die grootste kloostergroep in Asië is.[7][8] Die Vaishnava-tradisie het baie sampradayas (denominasies of subskole) wat wissel van die Middeleeuse Dvaita-skool van Madhvacharya tot die Vishishtadvaita-skool van Ramanuja.[9][10] Nuwe bewegings is ook in die moderne tyd gestig, soos die Hare Krisjnas van Prabhupada.[11]
Die tradisie is bekend vir die liefdevolle verering van ’n avatar van Vishnu (dikwels Krishna) en het ’n sleutelrol gespeel in die verspreiding van die Bhakti-beweging in die 2de millennium in Suid-Asië.[12][13] Belangrike geskrifte in Vaishnavisme sluit in die Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Pancaratra (Agama) en Bhagavata Purana.[14][15][16][17]
Verwysings
[wysig | wysig bron]- ↑ Pratapaditya Pal (1986). Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700. University of California Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-520-05991-7.
- ↑ Stephan Schuhmacher (1994). The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion: Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Zen. Shambhala. p. 397. ISBN 978-0-87773-980-7.
- ↑ Matchett 2001, pp. 3-9.
- ↑ Anna King 2005, pp. 32–33.
- ↑ Avinash Patra 2011, pp. 12–16, 25.
- ↑ G. Widengren (1997). Historia Religionum: Handbook for the History of Religions - Religions of the Present. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 270. ISBN 90-04-02598-7.
- ↑ Selva Raj en William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791467084, ble. 165-166
- ↑ James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0823931804, ble. 553-554
- ↑ Beck 2012, pp. 76-77.
- ↑ Jeaneane D. Fowler 2002, pp. 288-304, 340–350.
- ↑ Flood 1996, pp. 124-125.
- ↑ John Stratton Hawley (2015). A Storm of Songs. Harvard University Press. pp. 10–12, 33–34. ISBN 978-0-674-18746-7.
- ↑ James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0823931804, pages 731-733
- ↑ Flood 1996, p. 121-122.
- ↑ F Otto Schrader (1973). Introduction to the Pāñcarātra and the Ahirbudhnya Saṃhitā. Adyar Library and Research Centre. pp. 2–21. ISBN 978-0-8356-7277-1.
- ↑ Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791470824, ble. 46-52, 76-77
- ↑ Johnson, Todd M; Grim, Brian J (2013). The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography. John Wiley & Sons. p. 400. ISBN 9781118323038.
Nog bronne
[wysig | wysig bron]- Matchett, Freda (2001). Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu. Routledge. ISBN 978-0700712816.
{{cite book}}: Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp) - Anna King (2005). The intimate other: love divine in Indic religions. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-2801-7.
{{cite book}}: Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp) - Avinash Patra (2011). Origin & Antiquity of the Cult of Lord Jagannath. Oxford University Press.
{{cite book}}: Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp) - Beck, Guy L. (2012), Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-8341-1
- Jeaneane D. Fowler (2002). Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-898723-94-3.
{{cite book}}: Ongeldige|ref=harv(hulp) - Flood, Gavin (1996), An introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0, https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C
- Hawley, John Stratton: Three Bhakti Voices. Mirabai, Surdas, and Kabir in Their Time and Ours. 2nd impression. Oxford 2006
Eksterne skakels
[wysig | wysig bron]- Encyclopædia Britannica, "Vaishnavism"
- Vaishnavisme Geargiveer 6 September 2019 op Wayback Machine
- Vaishnavisme (Heart of Hinduism)
- Who is Vishnu? Vrae en antwoorde Geargiveer 22 Julie 2010 op Wayback Machine (dvaita.org)
Wikimedia Commons het meer media in die kategorie Vaishnavisme.
Hierdie artikel is vertaal uit die Engelse Wikipedia
