專制君主 (宮廷頭銜)
外觀
專制君主( 希臘語:δεσπότης,拉丁化:despótēs)是拜占庭帝國的宮廷頭銜,最初僅授予皇位繼承人,後來也授予其他皇子或駙馬。拜占庭皇帝曼努埃爾一世於1163年創造這一頭銜,並將其授予他的駙馬、未來的匈牙利國王貝拉三世(不過其頭銜於1169年曼努埃爾一世之子阿歷克塞二世出生後被撤銷)。專制君主在拜占庭的貴族等級中是僅次於皇帝與共治皇帝的重要頭銜。
除拜占庭帝國外,「專制君主」這一頭銜還擴散到許多受拜占庭文化影響的國家,如拉丁帝國、保加利亞第二帝國、塞爾維亞帝國、特拉比松帝國等。此外,除了是拜占庭的宮廷頭銜外,「專制君主」後來也成為了拜占庭冊封的領主頭銜或受其文化影響的君主頭銜,相應的領地被稱為「專制國」(despotate),如伊庇魯斯專制國、摩里亞專制國、塞爾維亞專制國。
雖含有「專制」一詞,但專制君主與專制主義並無關連,意義類似於西歐的國王、親王或大公。[註 1]
註釋
[編輯]- ^ 雖「專制君主」這一譯名可能產生歧義,但這是目前該詞約定俗成的中文譯名,如陳志強著《拜占庭帝國通史》等便使用該譯名。
參考文獻
[編輯]- Biljarski, I.A. Instituciite na srednovekovna Bălgarija. Vtoro bălgarsko carstvo (XII–XIV v.) [Institutions of medieval Bulgaria. Second Bulgarian Empire (12th–14th c.)]. Sofia. 1998 (保加利亞語).
- Ćirković, Sima. Поствизантијски деспоти [Post-Byzantine Despots]. Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta (Belgrade). 1999, 38: 395–406 [2017-05-14]. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-24) (塞爾維亞語).
- Failler, Albert. Les insignes et la signature du despote. Revue des études byzantines. 1982, 40: 171–186 [28 May 2011]. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1982.2136. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-18) (法語).
- Ferjančić, Bozidar. Деспоти у Византији и Јужнословенским земљама [Despots in Byzantium and the South Slavic Lands]. Belgrade: Српска академиjа наука. 1960 (塞爾維亞語).
- Fine, John Van Antwerp. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. 1994 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-30).
- Grierson, Philip; Bellinger, Alfred Raymond; Hendy, Michael F. Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Dumbarton Oaks. 1993. ISBN 978-0-88402-045-5.
- Guilland, Rodolphe. Recherches sur l'histoire administrative de l'Empire byzantin: Le despote, δεσπότης. Revue des études byzantines. 1959, 17: 52–89 [28 May 2011]. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1959.1199. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-18) (法語).
- Kazhdan, Alexander. Despotes. Kazhdan, Alexander (編). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press: 614. 1991. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
- Longnon, Jean. L'empire latin de Constantinople et la principauté de Morée. Paris: Payot. 1949 (法語).
- Macrides, Ruth. George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 978-0-19-921067-1. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-01).
- Nicol, Donald MacGillivray. The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453. Cambridge University Press. 1993 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 0-521-43991-4. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-30).
- Nicol, Donald MacGillivray. The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. 2010 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-10).
- Setton, Kenneth M. The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 1976 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 0-87169-114-0. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-07).
- Setton, Kenneth M. The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 1978 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 0-87169-127-2. (原始內容存檔於2016-12-07).
- Shawcross, Theresa. Conquest Legitimized: The Making of a Byzantine Emperor in Crusader Constantinople (1204–1261). Harris, Jonathan; Holmes, Catherine; Russell, Eugenia (編). Byzantines, Latins, and Turks in the Eastern Mediterranean World After 1150. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012: 181–220. ISBN 978-0-19-964188-8.
- Soulis, George Christos. The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors. Dumbarton Oaks. 1984. ISBN 0-88402-137-8.
- Topping, Peter. The Morea, 1311–1364. Hazard, Harry W. (編). A History of the Crusades, Vol. III: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. University of Wisconsin Press. 1975: 104–140 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 0-299-06670-3. (原始內容存檔於2013-10-01).
- Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit. Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit. I, 1–12, Add. 1–2, CD-ROM Version. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 2001. ISBN 978-3-7001-3003-1 (德語).
- Van Tricht, Filip. The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204-1228). Leiden: Brill. 2011 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 978-90-04-20323-5. (原始內容存檔於2016-05-07).
- Verpeaux, Jean (編). Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. 1966 (法語).