蝰科

蝰科
	阿拉伯角蝰 Cerastes gasperetti
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	爬行綱 Reptilia
目：	有鳞目 Squamata
亚目：	蛇亚目 Serpentes
下目：	真蛇下目 Alethinophidia
演化支：	非洲真蛇类 Afrophidia
小目：	新蛇小目 Caenophidia
演化支：	黃頷蛇類 Colubroides
演化支：	黃頷蛇形類 Colubriformes
演化支：	Endoglyptodonta演化支 Endoglyptodonta
科：	蝰科 Viperidae; Oppel, 1811
亞科
	白头蝰亚科(Azemiopinae); 夜蝰亚科(Causinae); 蝮蛇亚科(Crotalinae); 蝰蛇亚科(Viperinae);

蝰蛇科（学名：Viperidae）又名蝮蛇科，是一个分布于全世界的毒蛇科。蝰蛇（Viperinae）和蝮蛇（Crotalinae）是这一科的代表物种，牠们体粗尾细，长着三角形的头。毒液中含有血毒素，有些种类另含神经毒素。毒牙较长，能深深刺入猎物体内高效地注入毒液。毒牙与上腭之间有关节，可在口中放倒。蝮蛇有頰窩（红外线感应器官），用以从环境温度中识别猎物的体温。大部分蝰蛇均屬於夜行性动物。

蝰蛇和蝮蛇都不长，但不同各类之间体长的差异很大。納米比亞侏膨蝰（Bitis schneideri）至多28厘米，而南美巨蝮（Lachesis muta）卻可达到3.6米。

分類

蝰蛇科包括四个亚科：

白頭蝰亞科 (Azemiopinae)
夜蝰亞科 (Causinae)
蝮蛇亞科 (Crotalinae)
蝰蛇亞科 (Viperinae)

本科包括以下属：^[1]

Acridophaga Reuss, 1927
Agkishodon de Beauvois, 1799
蝮蛇屬 Agkistrodon de Beauvois, 1799
Allocrus Santos-Silva & Monné, 2023
樹蝰屬 Atheris Cope, 1862
跳蝮屬 Atropoides Werman, 1992
Atropophis Peters, 1872
Atropos Wagler, 1830
Azemiops Boulenger, 1888
噝蝰屬 Bitis Gray, 1842
棕櫚蝮屬 Bothriechis Peters, 1859
Bothrocophias Gutberlet & Campbell, 2001
Bothrophis Fitzinger, 1843
Bothropoides Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson, 2009
矛頭蝮屬 Bothrops Wagler, 1824
Calloselasma Cope, 1860
Caudisona Laurenti, 1768
夜蝰属 Causus Wagler, 1830
Cenchris Daudin, 1803
角蝰屬 Cerastes Laurenti, 1768
山蝮屬 Cerrophidion Campbell & Lamar, 1992
Chersea Fleming, 1822
Craspedocephalus
Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
- Craspedocephalus anamallensis (Günther, 1864)
- Craspedocephalus andalasensis David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal, 2006
- Craspedocephalus borneensis (Peters, 1872)
- Craspedocephalus brongersmai Hoge, 1969
- Craspedocephalus gramineus (Shaw, 1802)
- Craspedocephalus macrolepis (Beddome, 1862) Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
- Craspedocephalus macrolepis Beddome, 1862
- Craspedocephalus malabaricus (Jerdon, 1854)
- Craspedocephalus occidentalis (Pope & Pope, 1933)
- Craspedocephalus peltopelor Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker, 2021
- Craspedocephalus puniceus (Boie, 1827)
- Craspedocephalus rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart, 2011)
- Craspedocephalus strigatus (Gray, 1842) Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
- Craspedocephalus strigatus Gray, 1842
- Craspedocephalus travancoricus Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker, 2021^[2]
- Craspedocephalus trigonocephalus (Donndorff, 1798)
- Craspedocephalus wiroti Trutnau, 1981
Crotalophorus Gray, 1825
Crotalurus Rafinesque, 1820
Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758
Cryptelytrops Cope, 1859
Daboia Gray, 1842
Deinagkistrodon Gloyd, 1979
Dinodipsas Peters, 1882
Distichurus Hallowell, 1842
鋸鱗蝰屬 Echis Merrem, 1820
Eristicophis Alcock & Finn, 1897
Garthius Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
亞洲蝮屬 Gloydius Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981
Halys Gray, 1849
Heterophis Peters, 1862
瘤鼻蝮屬 Hypnale Fitzinger, 1843
巨蝮屬 Lachesis Daudin, 1803
Laophis Owen, 1857
鈍鼻蝰屬 Macrovipera Reuss, 1927
Megaera Wagler, 1830
Mesovipera Reuss, 1927
Metlapilcoatlus
Mixcoatlus Jadin, H.M.Smith & Campbell, 2011
Montatheris Broadley, 1996
山丘蝰属 Montivipera Nilson, Tuniyev, Andrén, Orlov, Joger & Herrmann, 1999
墨西哥角蝮屬 Ophryacus Cope, 1887
烙鐵頭屬 Ovophis Burger, 1981
Parias Gray, 1849
Pelias Merrem, 1820
Peltopelor Günther, 1864
Poecilostolus Günther, 1863
Popeia Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
豬鼻蝮屬 Porthidium Cope, 1871
Proatheris Broadley, 1996
原矛头蝮属 Protobothrops Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983
拟角蝰属 Pseudocerastes Boulenger, 1896
Rhinocerophis Garman, 1881
Scytale Meuschen, 1778
华腹属 Sinovipera
Guo & Wang, 2011
- 四川华蝮 Sinovipera sichuanensis^[3]
侏儒響尾蛇屬 Sistrurus Garman, 1884
Teleuraspis Cope, 1859
Thamnocenchris Salvin, 1860
Thanatophis Posada-Arango, 1889
Toxicoa Gray, 1849
Toxicophis Troost, 1836
Triceratolepidophis Ziegler, Herrmann, David, Orlov & Plauvels, 2000
竹叶青蛇属 Trimeresurus Lacepède, 1804
Trimesurus Gray, 1842
黑綠烙鐵頭屬 Tropidolaemus Wagler, 1830
Turanechis Cherlin, 1990
Urobelus Reinhardt, 1860
Uropsophus Wagler, 1830
蝰屬 Vipera Laurenti, 1768
Zhaoermia Gumprechtt & Tillack, 2004

参考文献

^ Viperidae. GBIF. [2023-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-09）.
^ Ashok Kumar Mallik, Achyuthan Needamangalam Srikanthan, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan Ganesh, Seenapuram Palaniswamy Vijayakumar, Patrick D. Campbell, Anita Malhotra and Kartik Shanker. 2021. Resolving Pitfalls in Pit Viper Systematics – A Multi-criteria Approach to Species Delimitation in Pit Vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals Cryptic Diversity. Vertebrate Zoology. 71: 577-619. DOI: 10.3897/vz.71.e66239
^ Peng Guo and Yuezhao Wang. 2011. A new genus and species of cryptic Asian green pitviper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from southwest China. Zootaxa, 2918: 1-14.: http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~bss166/Sinovipera.pdf

[1] Viperidae. GBIF. [2023-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-09）.

[2] Ashok Kumar Mallik, Achyuthan Needamangalam Srikanthan, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan Ganesh, Seenapuram Palaniswamy Vijayakumar, Patrick D. Campbell, Anita Malhotra and Kartik Shanker. 2021. Resolving Pitfalls in Pit Viper Systematics – A Multi-criteria Approach to Species Delimitation in Pit Vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals Cryptic Diversity. Vertebrate Zoology. 71: 577-619. DOI: 10.3897/vz.71.e66239

[3] Peng Guo and Yuezhao Wang. 2011. A new genus and species of cryptic Asian green pitviper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from southwest China. Zootaxa, 2918: 1-14.: http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~bss166/Sinovipera.pdf

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