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KEGG   DISEASE: Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Entry
H00409                      Disease                                
Name
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Description
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance of peripheral tissues (skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue) and insufficient compensatory insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells. Both insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction are thought to result from the complex interplay of many different pathways under the combined control of environmental and genetic factors. It is accepted that T2DM results from population aging and adverse environmental factors of the modern world which favor the development of obesity.
Category
Endocrine and metabolic disease
Brite
Human diseases in ICD-11 classification [BR:br08403]
 05 Endocrine, nutritional or metabolic diseases
  Endocrine diseases
   Diabetes mellitus
    5A11  Type 2 diabetes mellitus
     H00409  Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Disease
pathway
hsa04930  Type II diabetes mellitus
Pathway
hsa04110  Cell cycle
hsa04115  p53 signaling pathway
hsa04350  TGF-beta signaling pathway
hsa04911  Insulin secretion
hsa04972  Pancreatic secretion
hsa04330  Notch signaling pathway
hsa03320  PPAR signaling pathway
hsa04310  Wnt signaling pathway
hsa04141  Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum
Gene
IGF2BP2 [HSA:10644] [KO:K17392]
CAPN10 [HSA:11132] [KO:K08579]
SLC30A8 [HSA:169026] [KO:K14695]
KCNJ11 [HSA:3767] [KO:K05004]
MTNR1B [HSA:4544] [KO:K04286]
ENPP1 [HSA:5167] [KO:K01513]
PPARG [HSA:5468] [KO:K08530]
HNF1B [HSA:6928] [KO:K08034]
TCF7L2 [HSA:6934] [KO:K04491]
WFS1 [HSA:7466] [KO:K14020]
PAX4 [HSA:5078] [KO:K08032]
HNF1B [HSA:6928] [KO:K08034]
AKT2 [HSA:208] [KO:K04456]
Drug
Insulin human [DR:D03230]
Insulin lispro [DR:D04477]
Insulin aspart [DR:D04475]
Insulin glulisine [DR:D04540]
Insulin glargine [DR:D03250]
Insulin detemir [DR:D04539]
Insulin degludec [DR:D09727]
Insulin glargine and lixisenatide [DR:D11034]
Insulin degludec and liraglutide [DR:D11567]
Metformin hydrochloride [DR:D00944]
Glyburide [DR:D00336]
Chlorpropamide [DR:D00271]
Tolbutamide [DR:D00380]
Tolazamide [DR:D00379]
Glipizide [DR:D00335]
Glimepiride [DR:D00593]
Glipizide and metformin hydrochloride [DR:D10265]
Glyburide and metformin hydrochloride [DR:D10266]
Metformin hydrochloride and rosiglitazone maleate [DR:D10244]
Pioglitazone hydrochloride and metformin hydrochloride [DR:D09744]
Pioglitazone hydrochloride and glimepiride tablets [DR:D09848]
Metformin hydrochloride and sitagliptin phosphate [DR:D10261]
Alogliptin benzoate and pioglitazone hydrochloride [DR:D10159]
Metformin hydrochloride and saxagliptin hydrochloride [DR:D10263]
Linagliptin and metformin hydrochloride [DR:D10264]
Alogliptin benzoate and metformin hydrochloride [DR:D10253]
Metformin hydrochloride and repaglinide [DR:D10500]
Dapagliflozin and metformin [DR:D10586]
Canagliflozin and metformin [DR:D10587]
Empagliflozin and linagliptin [DR:D10588]
Empagliflozin and metformin [DR:D10752]
Saxagliptin and dapagliflozin [DR:D10826]
Ertugliflozin and metformin [DR:D11067]
Ertugliflozin and sitagliptin [DR:D11066]
Dapagliflozin, metformin and saxagliptin [DR:D11711]
Empagliflozin, linagliptin and metformin hydrochloride [DR:D11856]
Acarbose [DR:D00216]
Miglitol [DR:D00625]
Rosiglitazone maleate [DR:D00596]
Pioglitazone hydrochloride [DR:D00945]
Sitagliptin phosphate [DR:D06645]
Alogliptin benzoate [DR:D06553]
Linagliptin [DR:D09566]
Teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate [DR:D09756]
Exenatide [DR:D04121]
Liraglutide [DR:D06404]
Lixisenatide [DR:D09729]
Albiglutide [DR:D08843]
Dulaglutide [DR:D09889]
Semaglutide [DR:D10025]
Dapagliflozin propanediol [DR:D09763]
Canagliflozin [DR:D09592]
Empagliflozin [DR:D10459]
Ertugliflozin pidolate [DR:D11043]
Bexagliflozin [DR:D10865]
Repaglinide [DR:D00594]
Nateglinide [DR:D01111]
Pramlintide acetate [DR:D05595]
Tirzepatide [DR:D11360]
Colesevelam hydrochloride [DR:D03582]
Dasiglucagon [DR:D11359]
Dasiglucagon hydrochloride [DR:D12314]
Anagliptin [DR:D09780]
Mitiglinide calcium hydrate and voglibose [DR:D10160]
Trelagliptin succinate [DR:D10179]
Omarigliptin [DR:D10317]
Other DBs
ICD-11: 5A11
ICD-10: E11
MeSH: D003924
OMIM: 125853 601283
Reference
  Authors
Staiger H, Machicao F, Fritsche A, Haring HU
  Title
Pathomechanisms of type 2 diabetes genes.
  Journal
Endocr Rev 30:557-85 (2009)
DOI:10.1210/er.2009-0017
Reference
  Authors
Florez JC
  Title
Clinical review: the genetics of type 2 diabetes: a realistic appraisal in 2008.
  Journal
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:4633-42 (2008)
DOI:10.1210/jc.2008-1345
Reference
  Authors
Doria A, Patti ME, Kahn CR
  Title
The emerging genetic architecture of type 2 diabetes.
  Journal
Cell Metab 8:186-200 (2008)
DOI:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.08.006
Reference
PMID:11723072 (PAX4)
  Authors
Shimajiri Y, Sanke T, Furuta H, Hanabusa T, Nakagawa T, Fujitani Y, Kajimoto Y, Takasu N, Nanjo K
  Title
A missense mutation of Pax4 gene (R121W) is associated with type 2 diabetes in Japanese.
  Journal
Diabetes 50:2864-9 (2001)
DOI:10.2337/diabetes.50.12.2864
Reference
PMID:12161522 (HNF1B)
  Authors
Furuta H, Furuta M, Sanke T, Ekawa K, Hanabusa T, Nishi M, Sasaki H, Nanjo K
  Title
Nonsense and missense mutations in the human hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta gene (TCF2) and their relation to type 2 diabetes in Japanese.
  Journal
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3859-63 (2002)
DOI:10.1210/jcem.87.8.8776
Reference
PMID:19164855 (AKT2)
  Authors
Semple RK, Sleigh A, Murgatroyd PR, Adams CA, Bluck L, Jackson S, Vottero A, Kanabar D, Charlton-Menys V, Durrington P, Soos MA, Carpenter TA, Lomas DJ, Cochran EK, Gorden P, O'Rahilly S, Savage DB
  Title
Postreceptor insulin resistance contributes to human dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis.
  Journal
J Clin Invest 119:315-22 (2009)
DOI:10.1172/JCI37432
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