Our research team is organized into four thematic clusters that collectively transcend individual expertise, producing original research of unparalleled scope and depth of knowledge.
當前，對人工智能造成的衝擊，歷史學者的態度並不一致，或熱烈擁抱，或批判吸收，或警惕反思，總體而言，是在被動地回應。 但是，僅僅被動回應是不夠的。 歷史學及其理論不僅應當重視人工智能，更應該介入和影響其發展。 早在1976年，約瑟夫·魏岑鮑姆（Joseph Weizenbaum）就提出，歷史學有必要介入人工智能，特別是保存那些無法成為人工智能輸入數據的史料。 2019年，在斯坦福大學成立了「以人為本的人工智能」研究所，該研究所認識到，人工智能在改善人類狀況方面有著非凡前景，但前提是能夠成功引導其朝著負責任的方向發展。 為達此目的，研究所吸納了不少歷史學者和其他人文學者。 這一機構之所以能贏得人工智能領域的世界級聲譽，正是其理念和舉措的結果。 近年來，也有中國學者注意到這個問題，主張將知識、技能、感性經驗、價值觀念融入數位人文研究方法，其中包括人工智能的方法，惜未充分展開。
歷史學及其理論之所以能夠介入和影響人工智能，特別是當前代表人工智能前沿方向的大語言模型（以下簡稱「大模型」）的發展，很重要的一個因素在於兩者之間工作原理的相似和相通性。 在一定意義上說，歷史學就是用語言將「數據、記憶、關於過去的證據性遺迹、文獻和遺物」變成歷史的自覺省思。 大模型實際上是對人類社會積累的語言材料的吸收和綜合，或者說，是以兼收並蓄、有時可能是雜亂無章的方式吸收綜合其可以獲得的所有文本。 由此可見，大模型的工作方式與歷史學者的研究存在很大的相似性，即基於過去的各種史料，進行加工和提煉，從而獲得比較系統化的知識。 正如約書華·斯特恩菲爾德（Joshua Sternfeld）所說，收集模型的訓練數據就像是收集史料，模型根據輸入產生輸出就像是根據證據產生歷史，總而言之，「我們越是深入人工智能（大模型）學習的過程，事實上，這個過程就開始和做歷史研究的工作越發相似」。
因此，歷史學及其理論與人工智能（大模型）之間存在深度交融的可能和必要，但具體如何實現，既需要認識前者，也需要深入瞭解後者的運作機理。
Survival cannibalism persisted across human societies until recently. What drove the decline in cannibalism and other forms of violence? Using data from the 1470–1910 period, this paper documents that in historical China, the Confucian clan—an institutionalized kinship network—acted as an informal internal market to facilitate intra-clan resource pooling and risk-sharing, thus reducing the need for cannibalism during times of drought-related famine. The risk mitigation role of the clan remains robust after controlling for economic development and other factors and ruling out alternative channels. Thus, kinship networks and their associated culture contributed to human civilizational development before the advent of formal markets.
已有對近代鄉村不平等的研究主要關注地權分配，好少關注收入、消費分配，特別是同時討論三者之間嘅關係。 利用滿鐵調查32個村莊嘅數據，發現從戶均角度睇，土地不平等的變動對收入不平等和消費不平等的變動有一定的解釋力，收入不平等的變動對消費不平等的變動則有較大的解釋力。 但從人均角度睇，土地不平等對收入不平等和消費不平等嘅解釋力以及收入不平等對消費不平等嘅解釋力都好有限。 另外，也發現土地租佃市場和借貸市場的發展，有助於減少收入和消費嘅不平等。
社會網路分析是目前被廣泛應用的研究方法，特別是在一些交叉學科之中。 本文以量化歷史研究中的社會網路分析為例，基於政治、軍事、思想文化、經濟等領域的案例，介紹其原理與應用，說明其在説明理解社會結構中的人，建立微觀個體與宏觀社會現象之間的聯繫，揭示社會複雜特徵等方面的價值。
This paper examines how the worship of ancient wisdom affects economic progress in historical China, where the learned class embraced classical wisdom for millennia but encountered the shock of Western industrial influence in the mid-nineteenth century. Using the number of sage temples to measure the strength of classical worship in 269 prefectures, I find that classical worship discouraged intellectuals from appreciating modern learning and thus inhibited industrialization between 1858 and 1927. By contrast, industrialization grew faster in regions less constrained by classicism. This finding implies the importance of cultural entrepreneurship, or the lack thereof, in shaping modern economic growth.
“The humor of blaming the present, and admiring the past, is strongly rooted in human nature, and has an influence even on persons endued with the profoundest judgment and most extensive learning.”
—David Hume (1754, p. 464).
From 1368 to 1953, China’s administrative divisions were mainly composed of counties, prefectures, and provinces. This book shows the population figures, density, and changes in the provincial population in China during this period and population figures of each major city and town and its proportion in terms of the provincial population during this period―the urbanization rate. Data in this book is drawn partly from historical sources and partly from statistical-model-based calculations. The book also includes provincial population maps in 1393, and their original statistical models, population databases, and metadata.
本書是一本關於明清時期中國人口制度及中國人口數量變化的著作。本書給出了 1393、1580、1630、1680、1776、1850、1880、1910 和 1953 等 9 個年份的中國分府人口，以及 1393、1580、1776和 1910等 4個年份的分府城市人口。本書對於明清之際的人口死亡，以及清代後期因戰爭、旱災與流行病造成的人口死亡，均以府為單位，給予了詳細的描述並給出盡可能完整的統計數據。
The work described in this paper was partially supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project Reference Number: AoE/B-704/22-R).
We study the organizational demography of the Qing civil service from 1830 to 1911. Before the 20th century, the Qing bureaucracy was one of the largest non-military organizations in the world in terms of numbers of regular employees. At any given time, approximately 13,000 officials held formal appointments. We present the basic features of its organizational demography using data on nearly all civil officials with formal appointments from 1830 to 1912. We make use of longitudinally linked records of officials in the China Government Employee Database – Jinshenlu (CGED-Q JSL) to reconstruct rates of exit from service, the career lengths of officials, and the number of years since first appointment for currently serving officials. While previous studies of the Qing have examined turnover in specific types of posts, they have not considered the dynamics of complete careers. We find that exit rates in the first year of service were high and then low and stable afterward. While most officials only served for a short time, currently serving officials were relatively experienced. We also show that rates of exit from service declined for much of the last half of the 19th century, and then increased in the first decade of the 20th century. Declining turnover in the last half of the 19th century would have reduced opportunities for degree holders seeking posts and for officials seeking promotion at a time when the number of holders of purchased degrees competing for posts was increasing. We also compare different categories of officials. The results not only illuminate basic features of the organizational demography of Qing officialdom, but also provide a baseline for interpreting results from case studies of specific groups of officials or specific time periods.
The primary challenge to assessing the legal origins view of comparative financial development is identifying exogenous changes in legal systems. We assemble new data on Shanghai’s British and French concessions between 1845 and 1936. Two regime changes altered British and French legal jurisdiction over their respective concessions. By examining the changing application of different legal traditions to adjacent neighborhoods within the same city and controlling for military, economic, and political characteristics, we offer new evidence consistent with the legal origins view: the financial development advantage in the British concession widened after Western legal jurisdiction intensified and narrowed after it abated.
In process mining, extensive data about an organizational process is summarized by a formal mathematical model with well-grounded semantics. In recent years a number of successful algorithms have been developed that output Petri nets, and other related formalisms, from input event logs, as a way of describing process control flows. Such formalisms are inherently constrained when reasoning about the probabilities of the underlying organizational process, as they do not explicitly model probability. Accordingly, this paper introduces a framework for automatically discovering stochastic process models, in the form of Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets. We instantiate this Toothpaste Miner framework and introduce polynomial-time batch and incremental algorithms based on reduction rules. These algorithms do not depend on a preceding control-flow model. We show the algorithms terminate and maintain a deterministic model once found. An implementation and evaluation also demonstrate feasibility.