Adria

Adria Italiyaning Veneto mintaqasida joylashgan kommunadir. Etrusklarning^[1] Atria yoki Hatria shahri qoldiqlari zamonaviy shahar ostida, hozirgi darajadan uch-to'rt metr pastda joylashgan. Adria va Spina Felsina (hozirgi Boloniya) uchun yetrusk portlari va omborlari edi. Adria o'z nomini erta davrda kanallar orqali bog'langan Adriatik dengiziga bergan bo'lishi mumkin^[2].

History

Qadimgi davr

TBu hududda qurilgan birinchi aholi punktlari miloddan avvalgi XII-IX asrlarda venetikadan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, ular o'sha paytda hali dengizga yaqin bo'lgan suv-botqoq yerlardagi baland uylardan iborat edi. O'sha paytda Poning asosiy oqimi - Adria kanali bu hududda dengizga oqib tushdi. Vilyanova madaniyati Boloniya (Etrusk Felsina) yaqinidagi Villanova qishlog'idagi arxeologik yodgorlik nomi bilan atalgan, bu hududda miloddan avvalgi X asrdan VI asr oxirigacha gullab-yashnagan. Klassik Atriyaning asoslari miloddan avvalgi 530-520 yillarga to'g'ri keladi^[3].

Kanal asta-sekin quriy boshlagandan so'ng, etrusklar Adria porti va aholi punktini qurdilar. Miloddan avvalgi VI asrning keyingi davrida port gullab-yashnashda davom etdi. Po vodiysining etrusklar^[4] tomonidan boshqariladigan hududi Arnoning janubidagi Tirren qirg'og'i bo'ylab asosiy kontsentratsiyadan farqli o'laroq, odatda Padaniyalik Etruriya nomi bilan tanilgan.

Eginadan va keyinroq Sirakuzadan kelgan yunonlar^[5] Dionisiy I tomonidan shaharni mustamlaka qilib, uni emporionga aylantirdilar. Miloddan avvalgi VI asrdan beri yunonlar Venetsiyaliklar bilan savdo qilishgan, ayniqsa Boltiq dengizidan kelgan amber^[6].

Keltlarning Po vodiysiga ommaviy bostirib kirishlari Gallar va Etrusklar o'rtasidagi ishqalanish va o'zaro nikohlarga olib keldi, bu epigrafik yozuvlar bilan tasdiqlangan, ularda etrusk va kelt nomlari birga keladi. Shaharda etrusklar, venetsiyaliklar, yunonlar va keltlar istiqomat qilgan^[7].

Rim yozuvchisi va flot qo'mondoni Pliniy Elder Atriadagi kanallar tizimi haqida yozgan edi, bu "birinchi navbatda Toskanlar tomonidan yaratilgan [ya'ni. Etrusklar], shu tariqa, Atriani botqoqlari bo'ylab daryoning oqimini Yetti dengiz deb nomlangan Toskana shahridagi Atria shahrining mashhur bandargohi bilan to'kib tashladi, u ilgari dengizga Atriatik nomini bergan, hozir Adriatik deb ataladi. O'sha "Yetti dengiz" ochiq dengizdan qum chuqurlari va to'siq orollari bilan ajratilgan bir-biriga bog'langan qirg'oq lagunalari edi^[8]. Etrusklar bu tabiiy ichki suv yo'lini yangi kanallar bilan kengaytirib, Po daryosining to'lqinli oqimlarining navigatsiya imkoniyatlarini shimoldan Atriagacha kengaytirdilar. Imperator Vespasian davrida ham, Ravennadan Etruriyaning yuragiga sayoz suv o'tkazgichlar eshkak eshish mumkin edi. Rim istilosi ostida shahar sobiq yunon koloniyasi Ravennaga ahamiyat berdi, chunki Po deltasining loyqalanishi dengiz qirg'og'ini sharqqa olib bordi. Dengiz hozir Adriadan 22 kilometr (14 milya) uzoqlikda joylashgan.

Sobiq Santa Mariya Assunta della Tomba sobori

Qadimgi Atriyaning birinchi kashfiyoti Karlo Bokki tomonidan amalga oshirilgan va Importanza di Adria la Veneta nomi bilan nashr etilgan. Bocchi oilasining kollektsiyalari 20-asrning boshlarida ommaga taqdim etilgan va shahar muzeyi qadimiy buyumlar kolleksiyasining asosiy qismini tashkil qiladi.

Qadimgi Adria/Atria toponimining etimologiyasiga oid bir qancha fikrlar mavjud. Bir nazariya shundaki, u Illiriya (Venetik tili) adur "suv, dengiz" so'zidan kelib chiqqan^[9].

O'rta asr va zamonaviy davr

G'arbiy Rim imperiyasi qulagan paytda Adria porti o'z ahamiyatini yo'qotgan edi. 589 yilda mahalliy gidrografiya butunlay o'zgargandan so'ng, Pavlus Dikon tomonidan hujjatlashtirilgan halokatli toshqindan so'ng, u nihoyat pasayib ketdi va Adria Ravenna arxeparxiyasining fiefiga aylandi^[10].

Bir muncha vaqt mustaqil kommuna sifatida u Ferrara Estesining va 16-asrda Venetsiya Respublikasining mulki edi. O'sha paytda Adria bezgak bilan kasallangan botqoqlar bilan o'ralgan kichik bir qishloq edi. O'sha asrda Polesine qayta tiklanganida, u o'z ahamiyatini tikladi.

Napoleon urushlari paytida u dastlab Fransiya, keyin Avstriya qo'l ostida bo'lgan, u 1815 yilda Vena kongressidan keyin Lombardiya-Venetsiya tarkibiga kiritilgan.

Asosiy diqqatga sazovor joylar

Santa Mariya Assunta della Tomba cherkovi (avvalgi sobori), oʻrta asrlarda paydo boʻlgan, lekin 1718-yilda qayta qurilgan. Unda 7-8-asrlarga oid sakkiz burchakli suvga choʻmish shrifti joylashgan boʻlib, 3-Adria episkopi Bononing oʻyilgan nomi yozilgan. Boshqa san'at asarlari orasida 15 va 16-asrlarning bir nechta rasmlari va ibodatxonada Mishel da Firenzega tegishli Dormitio Virjinis tasvirlangan terakota relyefi mavjud..
Adria sobori, yangi sobori (Cattedrale Nuova dei Santi Petro i Paulo), avliyo Pyotr va Polga bag'ishlangan
Nazionale di Adria arxeologik muzeyi

Qardosh shaharlar - qardosh shaharlar

Yana qarang: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Adria bilan egizak:^[11]

Ermont, Fransiya
Lampertheim, Germaniya
Maldegem, Belgiya
Rovinj, Xorvatiya, 1982-yildan beri

Shuningdek qarang:

Bishopric of Adria

Manbalar

↑ The Archaeology of Etruscan Society by Vedia Izzet, 2008, p. 13: “the Latin atrium is derived from the Etruscan town of Atria (modern Adria), ascribing the form to the houses of the town”.
↑ The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites quoting Strabo (5.1.8) considers that Adria derived its name from the Adriatic Sea; Hecataeus asserts that both Adria and the Adriatic sea derived their names from the Adria river.
↑ The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe by Barry Cunliffe, 2001, table 4.
↑ The adjective Padanian refers to the Po River; cf. Celtic *dānu ‘river’.
↑ An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman, 2004 (ISBN 0-19-814099-1): “As a long-distance trading community, Aigina was not an active coloniser, but colonised Kydonia (no. 968) in 519, Adria (no. 75) c. 661, and Damastion in Illyria after 431 (Strabo 8.6.16).”
↑ The Ancient Mediterranean by Michael Grant, 1988, p. 171: “On the north side of the Delta, sixth century objects have been found at Adria where Greeks traded with the Eneti who inhabited the present Venezia.”
↑ A Companion to the Classical Greek World by Konrad H. Kinzl, 2007, p. 178: “Adria appears to have been a Greek (possibly Aiginetan) emporion, but it also had a substantial Etruscan population, and possibly also Venetic and Celtic elements (Fogolari and Scarfi 1970).”
↑ Two bands of sand dunes east of the city mark the former sea front in Etruscan-Greek times, and in Roman times. (Princeton Encyclopedia).
↑ Adrian Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, p. 7. (ISBN 1-85986-323-X)
↑ Paolo Mozzi et al., "Long-term drivers and impacts of abrupt river changes in managed lowlands of the Adige river and northern Po delta (Northern Italy)", Quaternary International , October 2018.
↑ „Niente festa del gemellaggio ad Adria, tutto rimandato a fine legislatura“ (it). rovigooggi.it. Rovigo Oggi (2020-yil 20-fevral). 2020-yil 7-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 22-may.

Havolalar

Northern Etruria
Etruscan Engineering and Agriculture
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: "Adria"
Richard Stillwell, ed. Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, 1976: "Adria (Atria), Veneto, Italy
Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Adria

[1] The Archaeology of Etruscan Society by Vedia Izzet, 2008, p. 13: “the Latin atrium is derived from the Etruscan town of Atria (modern Adria), ascribing the form to the houses of the town”.

[2] The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites quoting Strabo (5.1.8) considers that Adria derived its name from the Adriatic Sea; Hecataeus asserts that both Adria and the Adriatic sea derived their names from the Adria river.

[3] The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe by Barry Cunliffe, 2001, table 4.

[4] The adjective Padanian refers to the Po River; cf. Celtic *dānu ‘river’.

[5] An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman, 2004 (ISBN 0-19-814099-1): “As a long-distance trading community, Aigina was not an active coloniser, but colonised Kydonia (no. 968) in 519, Adria (no. 75) c. 661, and Damastion in Illyria after 431 (Strabo 8.6.16).”

[6] The Ancient Mediterranean by Michael Grant, 1988, p. 171: “On the north side of the Delta, sixth century objects have been found at Adria where Greeks traded with the Eneti who inhabited the present Venezia.”

[7] A Companion to the Classical Greek World by Konrad H. Kinzl, 2007, p. 178: “Adria appears to have been a Greek (possibly Aiginetan) emporion, but it also had a substantial Etruscan population, and possibly also Venetic and Celtic elements (Fogolari and Scarfi 1970).”

[8] Two bands of sand dunes east of the city mark the former sea front in Etruscan-Greek times, and in Roman times. (Princeton Encyclopedia).

[9] Adrian Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, p. 7. (ISBN 1-85986-323-X)

[10] Paolo Mozzi et al., "Long-term drivers and impacts of abrupt river changes in managed lowlands of the Adige river and northern Po delta (Northern Italy)", Quaternary International , October 2018.

[11] „Niente festa del gemellaggio ad Adria, tutto rimandato a fine legislatura“ (it). rovigooggi.it. Rovigo Oggi (2020-yil 20-fevral). 2020-yil 7-oktyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2020-yil 22-may.

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