Josephine Butler
Josephine Elizabeth Butler ( 13 Hukuri 1828 – 30 December 1906) a ari mufumi wa xisati wa Munghezi na mupfuxeti wa ntshamisano eka nguva ya Victorian . U endle matshalatshala yo lwela mfanelo ya vavasati yo vhota, mfanelo ya vavasati ya dyondzo yo antswa, ku herisiwa ka ku fihla eka nawu wa Britain, ku herisiwa ka vunghwavava bya vana, ni ku herisiwa ka ku xavisiwa ka vanhu ka vanhwanyana ni vana eka vunghwavava bya le Yuropa .
Gray u kulele endyangwini lowu fuweke naswona wu hlanganisiweke hi tipolitiki lowu nga na nhluvuko lowu pfuneke ku 1hluvukisa eka yena ripfalo ro tiya ra ntshamisano naswona a khome miehleketo ya vukhongeri hi matimba. U tekane na George Butler, mudyondzisi wa vukhongeri wa Anglican ni mudyondzisi wa xikolo, naswona mpatswa lowu wu ve ni vana va mune, lava wo hetelela wa vona, Eva, a feke a ri karhi a wa hi xisirhelelo. Rifu leri ri ve nkarhi wa ku cinca eka Butler, naswona u dzikise mintlhaveko ya yena eku pfuneni ka van’wana, a sungula eka vaaki va yindlu ya ntirho ya kwalaho . U sungule ku lwela timfanelo ta vavasati eka nawu wa le Britain. Hi 1869 u nghenelerile eka tsima ro herisa Milawu ya Mavabyi lama Tlulelaka, nawu lowu ringeteke ku lawula ku hangalaka ka mavabyi ya rimbewu—ngopfu-ngopfu eka Vuthu ra Britain ni ra Vuthu ra le Matini ra Vuhosi —hi ku sindzisa ku kamberiwa ka vutshunguri ka lava ku hehliwaka leswaku i tinghwavava, endlelo leri a ri hlamuseleke tanihi vuhandzuri kumbe ku pfinyiwa hi nsimbi. Pfhumba leri ri fikelele ku humelela ka rona ko hetelela hi 1886 hi ku herisiwa ka Milawu. Butler u tlhele a vumba International Abolitionist Federation, nhlangano wa le Yuropa hinkwaro leswaku wu lwisana ni maendlelo lama fanaka etikweni-nkulu.
Loko a ri karhi a lavisisa vuyelo bya Mitirho, Butler a a hlamarisiwe hileswi van’wana va tinghwavava a va ri vatsongo ku ringana 12, ni leswaku a ku ri ni ku xavisiwa ka mahlonga ya vanhwanyana ni vana lava humaka eNghilandhi ku ya etikweni-nkulu hi xikongomelo xo xavisa miri. Pfhumba ro lwisana ni ku xavisiwa ka vanhu ri endle leswaku nhloko ya Police des Mœurs ya le Belgium yi susiwa ehofisini', ni ku tengisiwa ni ku pfaleriwa ekhotsweni ka mupfuni wakwe ni vini va tindhawu ta tinghwavava ta 12, lava hinkwavo a va katseka eka bindzu leri. Butler u lwisane na vunghwavava bya vana hi ku pfuniwa hi muhleri wa matshalatshala wa The Pall Mall Gazette, William Thomas Stead, loyi a xave nhwanyana wa malembe ya 13 hi vukhale eka mana wa yena hi £5. Ku vilela loku landzeleke ku endle leswaku ku va na Nawu wo Cinca Nawu wa Vugevenga wa 1885 lowu tlakuseke malembe ya mpfumelelo ku suka eka 13 ku ya eka 16 naswona wu tise magoza yo yimisa vana ku va tinghwavava. Pfhumba ra yena ro hetelela ari ri eku heleni ka malembe yava 1890s, ku lwisana na Contagious Diseases Acts leyi ayi ya emahlweni yi tirhisiwa eka British Raj .
Butler u tsarile tibuku to tlula 90 na swiphephana eka nkarhi wa ntirho wa yena, leswi vunyingi bya swona a swi seketela matshalatshala ya yena, hambi leswi a tlheleke a humesa tibuku ta vutomi bya tata wa yena, nuna wa yena na Catherine wa le Siena . Vufeminisi bya Vukreste bya Butler byi tlangeriwa hi Kereke ya Nghilandhi hi Nkhuvo Lowutsongo, ni hi ku yimela ka yena emafasitereni ya tinghilazi leti nga ni swifaniso swa Kereke ya Anglican ya le Liverpool ni Kereke ya St Olave eDorobeni ra London . Vito ra yena ri humelela eka Xitsundzuxo xa Vahundzuluxi eKensal Green Cemetery, eLondon, naswona Yunivhesiti ya Durham yi thye yin’wana ya tikholichi ta tona vito ra yena. Maendlelo ya yena ya pfhumba ya cince ndlela leyi feminist na suffragists ava fambisa ku lwela ka nkarhi lowu taka, naswona ntirho wa yena wu tise eka ti political milieu mintlawa ya vanhu leyi ayi nga si tshama yi tirha. Endzhaku ka rifu ra yena hi 1906 murhangeri wa feminist Millicent Fawcett u n'wi bumabumerile tani hi "the most distinguished Englishwoman of the nineteenth century". [1]
- ↑ Fawcett & Turner 1927, p. 1.