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- Jivaka Kumar Bhaccha, auch Shivago Komarpaj (* um 540 v. Chr., vermutlich in Rajagriha), gilt als Begründer der traditionellen Thai-Massage. (de)
- Jīvaka (Pali: Jīvaka Komārabhacca; Sanskrit: Jīvaka Kumārabhṛta) was the personal physician (Sanskrit: vaidya) of the Buddha and the Indian King Bimbisāra. He lived in Rājagṛha, present-day Rajgir, in the 5th century BCE. Sometimes described as the "Medicine King" (pinyin: yi wang), he figures prominently in legendary accounts in Asia as a model healer, and is honoured as such by traditional healers in several Asian countries. Accounts about Jīvaka can be found in Early Buddhist Texts in many textual traditions such as the Pāli and Mūlasarvāstivāda traditions, as well as later Buddhist discourses and devotional Avadāna texts. Textual traditions agree that Jīvaka was born as a foundling of a courtesan, but not who his parents were exactly. Regardless, Jīvaka was found and raised by people from the royal court of King Bimbisāra. As he grew up, Jīvaka decided to travel to Takṣaśilā, to learn traditional medicine from a well-respected teacher. He turned out to be a promising student, and after seven years, started his healing profession in Rājagṛha. His medical feats gained him a reputation and he was quickly appointed as the personal physician of King Bimbisāra and the Buddha. As Jīvaka came more into contact with the Buddha, he became an important supporter of the religion and eventually founded the Jīvakarāma monastery. Later, Bimbisāra was killed by his son Ajatashatru, who usurped the throne. Eventually, Jīvaka was instrumental in bringing him to see the Buddha, to whom the new king repented the deeds he had done. In the texts, Jīvaka is depicted performing complicated medical procedures, including those that could be interpreted as brain surgery. Scholars are in debate to which extent these depictions have historical value. Regardless, Jīvaka is honoured throughout Asian history by Buddhists, and to some extent by healers outside of Buddhism, as a model physician and Buddhist saint. Several medieval medical texts and procedures in India and China are attributed to him. Up until the present day, Jīvaka is honoured by Indians and Thai as a patron of traditional medicine, and he has a central role in all ceremonies involving Thai traditional medicine. Furthermore, Jīvaka's legendary persona has had an important role in helping to proselytise and legitimise Buddhism. Some of the details of Jīvaka's accounts were adjusted to fit the local milieus in which they were passed on. The Jīvakarāma monastery was identified by the Chinese pilgrim Xuan Zang in the 7th century, and it was excavated in the 19th century. Presently, it is one of the oldest Buddhist monasteries with archaeological remains still in existence. (en)
- Jivaka Komarabhacca (bahasa Sanskerta: Jivaka Kumarabhrata) adalah tabib pribadi Raja Bimbisara dari Magadha dan Siddhartha Buddha Gautama. Ia hidup di Rajagriha, sekarang Rajgir, pada akhir abad ke-5 SM. Dalam berbagai legenda beberapa negara Asia, Jivaka dikenal sebagai "Raja Pengobatan". Ia dianggap sebagai sumber rujukan para tabib tradisional (bahasa Sanskerta: vaidya) sejumlah negara di Asia. Keterangan mengenai Jivaka dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai naskah/kitab agama Buddha, baik dalam naskah-naskah tradisional terdahulu yang berbahasa Pali dan Mūlasarvāstivāda maupun dalam sutta-sutta dan Avadana di periode berikutnya. Meski disebutkan bahwa Jivaka terlahir sebagai seorang abdi istana, riwayat leluhurnya tidak diketahui secara pasti. Dalam catatan sejarah dikatakan bahwa Jivaka dirawat dan dibesarkan dalam lingkungan istana Kerajaan Magadha. Saat beranjak dewasa, Jivaka pergi ke Taksila untuk belajar pengobatan tradisional dari seorang guru yang terkenal. Ia kemudian menjadi murid yang menonjol di sana. Setelah belajar selama tujuh tahun, Jivaka kembali ke Rajagriha untuk membuka praktik pengobatan. Kecakapannya dalam dunia pengobatan membuatnya terkenal dan ia pun diangkat menjadi tabib keluarga Kerajaan Magadha di masa Raja Bimbisara. Jivaka juga merupakan tabib keluarga klan Shakya yang berada di wilayah Magadha, yang mana Siddhartha Gautama lahir dari klan ini. Karena kedekatannya dengan Siddhartha, di kemudian hari Jivaka termasuk pendukung utama agama Buddha. Jivaka juga berperan dalam membawa Raja Ajatasatru, yang naik tahta menggantikan ayahnya Bimbisara, menjadi pengikut agama Buddha. Naskah-naskah tradisional menceritakan bahwa Jivaka mampu melakukan prosedur pengobatan yang rumit, termasuk tindakan medis yang dapat ditafsirkan sebagai bedah otak—meski interpretasi ini menjadi perdebatan para sejarawan. Jivaka dihormati sebagai tabib teladan dan orang suci dalam ajaran Buddha di Asia sepanjang zaman oleh buddhis dan sebagian tabib yang tidak beragama Buddha. Jivaka dihormati oleh masyarakat India dan Thailand sebagai pelopor pengobatan tradisional hingga saat ini, ia berperan penting dalam semua upacara pengobatan tradisional Thailand. Di luar itu, sosok Jivaka dalam legenda memiliki peran penting dalam penyebaran agama Buddha meskipun beberapa legenda mengalami penyesuaian dengan tradisi lokal di mana cerita tentang Jivaka disampaikan. Sangha Jivakarama, yang didirikan oleh Jivaka, ditemukan pada abad ke-7 oleh seorang peziarah Tionghoa bernama Xuan Zang. Situs tersebut baru selanjutnya diekskavasi pada abad ke-19 . Saat ini, Sangha Jivakarama menjadi salah satu wihara tertua dengan reruntuhan arkeologinya. (in)
- ジーヴァカ（耆婆、ぎば、名称については後述）は、古代インドのマガダ国・ラージャグリハの医者である。 阿闍世（あじゃせ、アジャータシャトル）が、父王・頻婆娑羅（ビンビサーラ）を殺害した後に悔恨の念を懐き悪瘡を生じたことから、釈迦仏に会いに行くよう勧めて仏教に帰依させた人として知られる。『沙門果経』などにその様子が描かれている。 (ja)
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- "Jivaka remarked, 'Those are footprints of an elephant, not male but female, blind of the right eye, and about to bring forth young today. On it a woman was riding. She too is blind of the right eye, and she will bear a son today.' Asked by Atreya and his astonished students to explain, Jivaka mentioned, 'being brought up in a royal family, I know that footprints of male elephants are round, whereas those of female elephants are oblong'. He explained further that, 'she had eaten grass only from the left side of the road, and that she was pressing hardest towards the right side, suggesting that the foal would be a male'. Lastly, he explained, 'the woman riding the elephant was blind in the right eye because she picked flowers that grew on the left side upon descending, and the heels of her feet made deeper than usual impressions, the backward lean suggested that she was pregnant.'" (en)
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- Jivaka Kumar Bhaccha, auch Shivago Komarpaj (* um 540 v. Chr., vermutlich in Rajagriha), gilt als Begründer der traditionellen Thai-Massage. (de)
- ジーヴァカ（耆婆、ぎば、名称については後述）は、古代インドのマガダ国・ラージャグリハの医者である。 阿闍世（あじゃせ、アジャータシャトル）が、父王・頻婆娑羅（ビンビサーラ）を殺害した後に悔恨の念を懐き悪瘡を生じたことから、釈迦仏に会いに行くよう勧めて仏教に帰依させた人として知られる。『沙門果経』などにその様子が描かれている。 (ja)
- Jīvaka (Pali: Jīvaka Komārabhacca; Sanskrit: Jīvaka Kumārabhṛta) was the personal physician (Sanskrit: vaidya) of the Buddha and the Indian King Bimbisāra. He lived in Rājagṛha, present-day Rajgir, in the 5th century BCE. Sometimes described as the "Medicine King" (pinyin: yi wang), he figures prominently in legendary accounts in Asia as a model healer, and is honoured as such by traditional healers in several Asian countries. (en)
- Jivaka Komarabhacca (bahasa Sanskerta: Jivaka Kumarabhrata) adalah tabib pribadi Raja Bimbisara dari Magadha dan Siddhartha Buddha Gautama. Ia hidup di Rajagriha, sekarang Rajgir, pada akhir abad ke-5 SM. Dalam berbagai legenda beberapa negara Asia, Jivaka dikenal sebagai "Raja Pengobatan". Ia dianggap sebagai sumber rujukan para tabib tradisional (bahasa Sanskerta: vaidya) sejumlah negara di Asia. (in)
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