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- كان مارشال ماكدونالد (18 أكتوبر 1835-1 سبتمبر 1895) مهندسًا وجيولوجيًا وعالمًا في علم المعادن وفي تربية الأسماك ومصايدها. عمل ماكدونالد كمفوض للجنة الولايات المتحدة للأسماك ومصايد الأسماك من عام 1888 حتى وفاته في عام 1895. اشتهر باختراعه لعدد من أجهزة تفريخ الأسماك وسلم الأسماك التي مكنت السلمون وأنواع الأسماك المهاجرة الأخرى من صعود منحدرات المجاري المائية ما يؤدي إلى زيادة مساحة التفريخ. كانت إدارة ماكدونالدز التابعة للجنة الأمريكية للأسماك ومصايد الأسماك خالية بشكل ملحوظ من الفضائح وعززت حماية وتربية أنواع الأسماك في جميع أنحاء الولايات المتحدة. وُلد ماكدونالد عام 1835 في رومني بولاية فيرجينيا (فيرجينيا الغربية الحالية)، وكان ابن أنجوس وليام ماكدونالد، الضابط العسكري والمحامي، وزوجته ليسي آن نايلور. من 1854 إلى 1855، درس ماكدونالد التاريخ الطبيعي تحت إشراف سبنسر فولرتون بيرد في معهد سميثسونيان في واشنطن العاصمة، ثم التحق بجامعة فيرجينيا ومعهد فيرجينيا العسكري، وتخرج منها عام 1860. عمل ماكدونالد كأستاذ مساعد للكيمياء في المعهد تحت إشراف ستونيوول جاكسون واستمر في التدريس بشكل متقطع طوال الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية. انضم ماكدونالد إلى جيش الولايات الكونفدرالية في عام 1861 وكلف كملازم وضابط مهندس. شغل منصب المفتش العام لموظفي ستونوول جاكسون، ثم عمل كضابط أركان للواء مارتن لوثر سميث وضابط مهندس للجنرال جون سي بيمبيرتون. أخذ ماكدونالد كأسير حرب من قبل جيش الاتحاد في فيكسبيرج، ميسيسيبي، في 1863. بعد الحرب في عام 1865، عاد ماكدونالد إلى معهد فيرجينيا العسكري حيث عين أستاذًا برتبة عقيد، إذ قام بالتوجيه والعمل كرئيس من موضوعات الكيمياء والجيولوجيا وعلم المعادن وعلم المعادن. كما أنشأ أول متحف للمؤسسة. بحلول عام 1875، شارك ماكدونالد في تربية الأسماك وأصبح مديرًا لمفرخ الأسماك بولاية فيرجينيا في ويثفيل. عين كمفوض الأسماك في فيرجينيا واخترع سلم الأسماك خلال فترة ولايته. في عام 1879، استأجر سبنسر فولرتون بيرد شركة ماكدونالد لمنصب في اللجنة الأمريكية للأسماك ومصايد الأسماك. هناك، عمل كوكيل خاص، مشرفًا على مفرخات شاد، رئيس قسم تربية الأسماك، ورئيس مساعد مفوض لجنة الأسماك. في عام 1888، عين الرئيس جروفر كليفلاند ماكدونالد مفوضًا للأسماك ومصايد الأسماك. توفي ماكدونالد في منصبه عام 1895. (ar)
- Marshall McDonald (October 18, 1835 – September 1, 1895) was an American engineer, geologist, mineralogist, pisciculturist, and fisheries scientist. McDonald served as the commissioner of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries from 1888 until his death in 1895. He is best known for his inventions of a number of fish hatching apparatuses and a fish ladder that enabled salmon and other migrating fish species to ascend the rapids of watercourses resulting in an increased spawning ground. McDonald's administration of the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries was notably free of scandal and furthered the "protection and culture" of fish species throughout the United States. Born in 1835 in Romney, Virginia (present-day West Virginia), McDonald was the son of Angus William McDonald, a military officer and lawyer, and his wife, Leacy Anne Naylor. From 1854 to 1855, McDonald studied natural history under Spencer Fullerton Baird at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. He then attended the University of Virginia and Virginia Military Institute, from which he graduated in 1860. McDonald served as an assistant professor of chemistry at the institute under Stonewall Jackson and continued to teach intermittently throughout the American Civil War. McDonald joined the Confederate States Army in 1861 and was commissioned as a lieutenant and engineer officer. He served as an inspector general on Stonewall Jackson's staff, then served as staff officer for Major General Martin Luther Smith and as an engineer officer for Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton. McDonald was taken as a prisoner of war by the Union Army at Vicksburg, Mississippi, in 1863. Following the war in 1865, McDonald returned to the Virginia Military Institute where he was appointed a professor with the rank of colonel, instructing and serving as chair of the subjects of chemistry, geology, mineralogy, and metallurgy. He also established the institution's first museum. By 1875, McDonald was involved in fish farming and became the administrator of the Virginia state fish hatchery at Wytheville. He was appointed as the Fish Commissioner of Virginia and invented the fish ladder during his tenure. In 1879, Spencer Fullerton Baird hired McDonald for a position at the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. There, he served as a special agent, superintendent of the shad hatcheries, Chief of the Division of Fish Culture, and Chief Assistant Commissioner of the Fish Commission. In 1888, President Grover Cleveland appointed McDonald as the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. McDonald died in office in 1895. (en)
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- Romney, Virginia , U.S. (en)
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- Portrait of Marshall McDonald (en)
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- Washington, D.C., U.S. (en)
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- Engineer, professor, geologist, mineralogist, pisciculturist, and fisheries scientist (en)
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- Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown, Washington, D.C. (en)
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- Mary Eliza McCormick (en)
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- Offices and distinctions (en)
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- كان مارشال ماكدونالد (18 أكتوبر 1835-1 سبتمبر 1895) مهندسًا وجيولوجيًا وعالمًا في علم المعادن وفي تربية الأسماك ومصايدها. عمل ماكدونالد كمفوض للجنة الولايات المتحدة للأسماك ومصايد الأسماك من عام 1888 حتى وفاته في عام 1895. اشتهر باختراعه لعدد من أجهزة تفريخ الأسماك وسلم الأسماك التي مكنت السلمون وأنواع الأسماك المهاجرة الأخرى من صعود منحدرات المجاري المائية ما يؤدي إلى زيادة مساحة التفريخ. كانت إدارة ماكدونالدز التابعة للجنة الأمريكية للأسماك ومصايد الأسماك خالية بشكل ملحوظ من الفضائح وعززت حماية وتربية أنواع الأسماك في جميع أنحاء الولايات المتحدة. (ar)
- Marshall McDonald (October 18, 1835 – September 1, 1895) was an American engineer, geologist, mineralogist, pisciculturist, and fisheries scientist. McDonald served as the commissioner of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries from 1888 until his death in 1895. He is best known for his inventions of a number of fish hatching apparatuses and a fish ladder that enabled salmon and other migrating fish species to ascend the rapids of watercourses resulting in an increased spawning ground. McDonald's administration of the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries was notably free of scandal and furthered the "protection and culture" of fish species throughout the United States. (en)
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- مارشال ماكدونالد (ar)
- Marshall McDonald (en)
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