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- Daily sweets expenditure, residuals −30 30 0 −14 14 days elapsed since Friday 14 November 2014 −1 −.5 0 .5 1
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- Daily sweets expenditure, residuals −30 30 0 −14 14 days elapsed since Friday 15 November 2013 −.5 0 .5 Daily expenditure salty snacks and soda drinks, residuals −30 30 −14 14 0
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- days elapsed since Friday 13 November 2015 −.5 0 .5 Daily expenditure salty snacks and soda drinks, residuals −30 30 −14 14 0
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- days elapsed since Friday 13 November 2015 −1 −.5 0 .5 1
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- days elapsed since Friday 13 November 2015 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Junk−food expenditure −30 30 −21 21 −14 14 −7 7 0
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- days elapsed since Friday 13th November 2015 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 Daily expenditure on sweets −30 30 −20 20 −10 10 0
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- days elapsed since Friday 14 November 2014 −.5 0 .5 Daily expenditure salty snacks and soda drinks, residuals −30 30 0 −14 14 days elapsed since Friday 15 November 32 Figure 4. RDD estimates of daily expenditure on women’s personal hygiene products, home maintenance goods and total daily expenditure, before and after the 2015 Bataclan attack and its counterfactuals in 2013 and 2014.
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- days elapsed since Friday 14 November 2014 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Junk−food expenditure −30 30 −21 21 −14 14 −7 7 0
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- days elapsed since Friday 14 November 2014 1.0 2.7 1.5 2.0 2.5 Daily expenditure on junk food −30 30 0 −10 10 −20 20 days elapsed since Friday 15 November 42 Figure E. Total daily expenditure on home maintenance products and women’s personal hygiene products, before and after the 2015 Bataclan attack and the counterfactuals in 2013 and 2014.
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- days elapsed since Friday 14th November 2014 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 Daily expenditure on sweets −30 30 0 −20 20 −10 10 days elapsed since Friday 15th November 2013 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.52.7 Daily expenditure on junk food −30 30 0 −20 20 −10 10 days elapsed since Friday 13 November 2015 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.7 2.5 Daily expenditure on junk food −30 30 −20 20 −10 10 0
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- days elapsed since Friday 15 November 44 Figure G. Non-parametric RDD estimates of daily expenditure on home maintenance products and women’s personal hygiene goods before and after the 2015 Bataclan attack and its counterfactuals in 2013 and 2014, respectively.
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- Expenditure on sweets −30 30 0 −20 −10 10 20 days elapsed since Friday 13 November 2015 2 3 4 5 6
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- Expenditure on sweets −30 30 0 −20 −10 10 20 days elapsed since Friday 15 November 2013 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Junk−food expenditure −30 30 −21 21 −14 14 −7 7 0
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- RDD-Differences-in-Differences estimates using 2014 and 2013 as counterfactual years.
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- RDD-Differences-in-Differences estimates using 2014 and 2013 as counterfactual years.
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- RDD-Differences-in-Differences estimates using 2014 and 2013 as counterfactual years.
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- RDD-Differences-in-Differences estimates using 2014 and 2013 as counterfactual years.
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- RDD-Differences-in-Differences estimates using 2014 and 2013 as counterfactual years.
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- Salty snacks Home Women's and maintenance Personal soda drinks Sweets products Hygiene Means month before 0.639 0.456 0.318 0.057 Dummy Bataclan * 2015-0.00127 0.00614 0.0102 0.0103*** (0.00772) (0.00984) (0.0107) (0.00338) Households 15056 15056 15056 15056 Observations 388,869 388,869 388,869 388,869 R squared 0.267 0.201 0.139 0.134 The models estimated are linear probability models specified as in Equation 1, Section 3. *** denotes statistical significance at the 1% level, ** at the 5% level, and * at the 10% level. Table 5. Results of estimation using aggregated weekly data and four weeks bandwidth.
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- Salty snacks Home Women's Total and maintenance personal Expenditure soda drinks Sweets products Hygiene Means month before 103.35 4.2 6.97 4.899 0.444 Dummy Bataclan * 2015 4.253*** -0.131 0.584*** 0.621*** 0.167*** (1.543) (0.128) (0.160) (0.195) (0.0313) Households 15,028 15,028 15,028 15,028 15,028 Observations 194,951 194,951 194,951 194,951 194,951 R squared 0.389 0.310 0.297 0.195 0.216 The models estimated are as in Equation 1, Section 3, as in our preferred specification, 1b in Table 1. Data for the 2015 Bataclan week and the counterfactual Bataclan weeks in 2013 and 2014 are not included in the estimation sample. *** denotes statistical significance at the 1% level, ** at the 5% level, and * at the 10% level. 36 Table 6. Heterogenous results by household composition and income.
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- The dots are the raw data means of the three outcomes while the lines are linearly interpolated through triangular kernel estimates of the residuals from linear regressions of each outcome on household characteristics and fixed effects for day-of-the-week, month, and municipality of residence, to control for the high variability of expenditure. The dashed lines are the 95% confidence intervals around these estimates. Kernel estimates of the raw data are given in the Appendix. The RDD-DD estimates are provided in Table 1. −.1 −.05 0 .05 .1 Daily expenditure women’s personal hygiene products, residuals −30 30 0 −14 14 days elapsed since Friday 13 November 2015 −.1 −.05 0 .05 .1 Daily expenditure on women’s personal hygiene products, residuals −30 30 −14 14 0
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- The dots are the raw data means, while the lines are linearly interpolated through triangular kernel estimates ((without any controls or fixed effects) and the dashed lines are the 95% confidence intervals around these estimates. . 30 40 50 60 Total daily expenditure −30 30 0 −20 −10 10 20 days elapsed since Friday 13 November 2015 30 40 50 60 Total daily expenditure −30 30 0 −20 −10 10 20 days elapsed since Friday 14 November 2014 30 40 50 60 Total daily expenditure −30 30 0 −20 −10 10 20 days elapsed since Friday 15 November 2013 2 3 4 5 6
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- The vertical lines are drawn on the day corresponding to the Bataclan attack (Friday 13th November 2015) and its counterfactual days in the earlier years (respectively, Friday 14 November 2014 and Friday 15 November 2013).
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- The vertical lines are drawn on the day corresponding to the Bataclan attack (Friday 13th November 2015) and its counterfactual days in the earlier years (respectively, Friday 14 November 2014 and Friday 15 November 2013). The dots are the raw data means (most bottom dots depict Sunday shopping), while the lines are linearly interpolated through triangular kernel estimates. There is no significant discontinuity at the cut-off, with the relevant statistics being, respectively, equal to 118.58 with a standard error of 670.86 for 2015, 149.06 with a standard error of 657.8633 for 2014, and 132.43 with a standard error of 664.35 for 2013. Figure 2. Continuity of the explanatory variables before and after the Bataclan attack and the counterfactual days in earlier years.
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- The zero corresponds to the Bataclan attack (Friday 13th November) in 2015 and its counterfactual days in the earlier years (respectively, Friday 14 November 2014 and Friday 15 November 2013). The dots are the daily averages of the raw data points. The lines are linearly interpolated through the raw data. 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.9 Daily expenditure on home cleaning products −30 30 −10 10 −20 20 0
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- The zero corresponds to the Bataclan attack (Friday 13th November) in 2015 and its counterfactual days in the earlier years (respectively, Friday 14 November 2014 and Friday 15 November 2013). The dots are the daily averages of the raw data points. The lines are linearly interpolated through the raw data. 30 60 40 50 60 Total daily expenditure, deflated −30 30 0 −10 10 −20 20 days elapsed since Friday 13th November 2015 30 40 50 60 Total daily expenditure, deflated −30 30 0 −10 10 −20 20 days elapsed since Friday 14th November 2014 30 40 50 60 Total daily expenditure, deflated −30 30 0 10 −10 20 −20 days elapsed since Friday 15th November 2013 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 Daily expenditure on sweets −30 30 −20 20 −10 10 0
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Viscusi, W. Kip. 2009. “Valuing Risks of Death from Terrorism and Natural Disasters”, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 38, 191-213.
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