- (0.0118) (0.0004) (0.0047) Pre-GFC period (2002 - 2007) Without industry dummies 0.003572*** 0.08204*** 0.002300*** -0.02607*** 4810
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- (0.0119) (0.0002) (0.0030) Pre-GFC period (2002 - 2007) Without industry dummies 0.003318*** 0.1494*** -0.0006043 0.0003078 11309
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- (0.0122) (0.0002) (0.0031) With industry dummies 0.002796*** 0.1092*** 0.0009457*** -0.01021*** 28435
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- (0.0149) (0.0005) (0.0060) Note: q1 ≡ Market price to Book Robust standard errors are reported below estimates in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 POOLED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES : excluding outliers, countries with small no. of firms, and industries related to finance, real estate, management & government Table 6: GMM Estimates: Developing Economy Sample (cont…) Augmented Regressions q1 CF Firm Size Capital Expenditures Working Capital Short-term Debt Constant No. of Obs. Full period (2002 - 2011) Without industry dummies 0.003139* 0.1280*** -0.0008322-0.03306 0.3080*** 0.5162*** -0.0001075 10019
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- (0.0151) (0.0005) (0.0060) With industry dummies 0.002880*** 0.1042*** 0.003551*** -0.04118*** 9166
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- (0.0156) (0.0003) (0.0043) GFC period (2008 - 2011) Without industry dummies 0.002042*** 0.07024*** 0.002071*** -0.01623*** 17126
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- (0.0158) (0.0003) (0.0041) Note: q1 ≡ Market price to Book Robust standard errors are reported below estimates in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 FULL SAMPLE : excluding outliers, countries with small no. of firms, and industries related to finance, real estate, management & government Table 4: GMM Estimates: Full Sample (cont..) Augmented Regressions q1 CF Firm Size Capital Expenditures Working Capital Short-term Debt Constant No. of Obs. Full period (2002 - 2011) Without industry dummies 0.003426** 0.09622*** -0.0009364*** -0.08290* 0.01992 0.5601*** 0.01352*** 20287
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- (0.0159) (0.0004) (0.0044) With industry dummies 0.003392*** 0.1471*** -0.0004437-0.002051 11309
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- (0.0163) (0.0003) (0.0042) With industry dummies 0.002024*** 0.06894*** 0.002066*** -0.01630*** 17126
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- (0.0180) (0.0003) (0.0357) (0.0500) (0.0943) (0.0036) Pre-GFC period (2002 - 2007) Without industry dummies 0.004911** 0.1082*** -0.001201** 0.04361 0.2963** 0.3445** 0.0006364 7588
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- (0.0182) (0.0003) (0.0392) (0.0602) (0.0996) (0.0037) With industry dummies 0.003062** 0.1016*** -0.0006604* -0.1076** 0.1193* 0.5095*** 0.009024* 20287
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- (0.0189) (0.0006) (0.0074) GFC period (2008 - 2011) Without industry dummies 0.002888*** 0.1058*** 0.003597*** -0.04175*** 9166
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- (0.0209) (0.0009) (0.0125) Upper quintile 0.002925** 0.09593*** -0.0008623 0.01414 4392
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- (0.0214) (0.0004) (0.0424) (0.0651) (0.1133) (0.0050) Note: q1 ≡ Market price to Book Robust standard errors are reported below estimates in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 FULL SAMPLE : excluding outliers, countries with small no. of firms, and industries related to finance, real estate, management & government Table 5: GMM Estimates: Developed Economy Sample Baseline Regressions q1 CF Firm Size Constant No. of Obs. Full period (2002 - 2011) Without industry dummies-0.0005918 0.1963*** -0.0007222* 0.01053* 14459
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- (0.0216) (0.0003) (0.0043) Pre-GFC period (2002 - 2007) Without industry dummies-0.001994 0.2569*** -0.0002982-0.00486 6499
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- (0.0225) (0.0004) (0.0461) (0.0778) (0.1246) (0.0052) With industry dummies 0.002724* 0.05257* 0.00005659-0.1831*** -0.002699 0.4275*** 0.01150* 12699
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- (0.0235) (0.0003) (0.0043) With industry dummies-0.0007207 0.1844*** -0.0005972 0.009401* 14459
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- (0.0240) (0.0006) (0.0550) (0.0618) (0.1392) (0.0068) Pre-GFC period (2002 - 2007) Without industry dummies 0.001252 0.1788*** 0.0008062-0.1699* 0.1195 0.6403*** -0.01141 3347
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- (0.0248) (0.0005) (0.0057) GFC period (2008 - 2011) Without industry dummies 0.002911 0.07187* -0.001155* 0.02742*** 7960
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- (0.0250) (0.0016) (0.0220) Note: q1 ≡ Market Price to Book Ratio Robust standard errors are reported below estimates in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 GMM Estimation on Base Model (POOLED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES with industry dummies) All firms grouped by quintiles based on median size of each firm All firms grouped by quintiles based on mean size of each firm POOLEDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES Table 9 (continued) Augmented Regressions Grouing based on Firm Size q1 CF Size Capital Expenditure Working Capital Short-term Debt Constant No. of obs. Bottom quintile 0.001414 0.08318 0.01069* -0.106 0.4940** -0.04551-0.1154* 1118
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- (0.0255) (0.0006) (0.0612) (0.0727) (0.1568) (0.0072) With industry dummies 0.003120* 0.1264*** -0.0006897-0.03292 0.3095*** 0.4934*** -0.001672 10019
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- (0.0266) (0.0007) (0.0664) (0.0751) (0.1505) (0.0089) Note: q1 ≡ Market price to Book Robust standard errors are reported below estimates in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 POOLED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES : excluding outliers, countries with small no. of firms, and industries related to finance, real estate, management & government Table 7: GMM Estimates: Full Economy, Breakdown by Firm Size Baseline Regressions Grouing based on Firm Size q1 CF Size Constant No. of obs. Bottom quintile 0.0002721 0.1845*** 0.009070*** -0.09566*** 3505
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- (0.0269) (0.0023) (0.0284) Upper quintile 0.003899*** 0.06009* 0.006068*** -0.07585*** 2066
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- (0.0274) (0.0011) (0.0151) Hong Kong 0.01075*** 0.09956** -0.0001322 0.00142 2139
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- (0.0291) (0.0022) (0.0274) Upper quintile 0.003701*** 0.05135* 0.006222*** -0.07790*** 2045
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- (0.0292) (0.0004) (0.0060) Note: q1 ≡ Market price to Book Robust standard errors are reported below estimates in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 POOLED DEVELOPED COUNTRIES : excluding outliers, countries with small no. of firms, and industries related to finance, real estate, management & government Table 5: GMM Estimates: Developed Economy Sample (cont..) Augmented Regressions q1 CF Firm Size Capital Expenditures Working Capital Short-term Debt Constant No. of Obs. Full period (2002 - 2011) Without industry dummies 0.001523 0.1069-0.0015-0.02218 0.1748 0.2005 0.02194*** 10268
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- (0.0295) (0.0008) (0.0774) (0.0861) (0.1805) (0.0096) With industry dummies 0.002396 0.1331*** -0.001725* 0.03337 0.2768*** 0.5740*** 0.01014 6672
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- (0.0297) (0.0004) (0.0623) (0.0728) (0.1127) (0.0051) GFC period (2008 - 2011) Without industry dummies 0.003851** 0.02789-0.000202-0.1529*** -0.1344 0.4505*** 0.01665** 12699
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- (0.0307) (0.0008) (0.0122) Note: q1 ≡ Market Price to Book Ratio Robust standard errors are reported below estimates in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 POOLEDDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES GMM Estimation on Base Model (POOLED DEVELOPED COUNTRIES with industry dummies) All firms grouped by quintiles based on median size of each firm All firms grouped by quintiles based on mean size of each firm Table 8 (continued) Augmented Regressions Grouing based on Firm Size q1 CF Size Capital Expenditure Working Capital Short-term Debt Constant No. of obs. Bottom quintile-0.0002843 0.1524-0.003823-0.1749 0.5084** 0.5332* 0.04617 1229
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- (0.0313) (0.0005) (0.0722) (0.0905) (0.1208) (0.0055) With industry dummies 0.005275** 0.1008*** -0.001182** 0.04061 0.3096*** 0.3052** -0.00002382 7588
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- (0.0318) (0.0005) (0.0061) With industry dummies 0.002015 0.06617* -0.001089* 0.02742*** 7960
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- (0.0352) (0.0008) (0.0705) (0.0864) (0.1439) (0.0090) GFC period (2008 - 2011) Without industry dummies 0.002366 0.1396*** -0.001830* 0.0006248 0.3067*** 0.6175*** 0.0109 6672
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- (0.0399) (0.0009) (0.0844) (0.1097) (0.1777) (0.0100) With industry dummies 0.001622 0.1758*** 0.001048-0.1656* 0.1238 0.5386*** -0.01487 3347
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- (0.0495) (0.0006) (0.0787) (0.0880) (0.1331) (0.0059) GFC period (2008 - 2011) Without industry dummies-0.03737* 0.4507** 0.00162-0.2437* -0.8606 0.06685 0.02123 6027
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- (0.0552) (0.0006) (0.0645) (0.1447) (0.1989) (0.0074) Note: q1 ≡ Market price to Book Robust standard errors are reported below estimates in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 POOLED DEVELOPED COUNTRIES : excluding outliers, countries with small no. of firms, and industries related to finance, real estate, management & government Table 6: GMM Estimates: Developing Economy Sample Baseline Regressions q1 CF Firm Size Constant No. of Obs. Full period (2002 - 2011) Without industry dummies 0.003107*** 0.09630*** 0.003165*** -0.03635*** 13976
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- (0.0593) (0.0029) (0.0313) Note: q1 ≡ Market price to Book Robust standard errors are reported below estimates in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 With industry dummies, excluding outliers, countries with small no. of firms, and industries related to finance, real estate, management & government Table 4: GMM Estimates: Full Sample Baseline Regressions q1 CF Firm Size Constant No. of Obs. Full period (2002 - 2011) Without industry dummies 0.002770*** 0.1111*** 0.0009037*** -0.009476** 28435
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- (0.0636) (0.0024) (0.1019) (0.0683) (0.2420) (0.0327) Note: q1 ≡ Market Price to Book Ratio Robust standard errors are reported below estimates in parentheses * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 Instruments: Two lags of tangible fixed assets, lagged working capital, lagged short-term debt , twice-lagged sales growth, and country dummies. POOLEDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES GMM Estimation on Augmented (1) Model (POOLED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES with industry dummies) All firms grouped by quintiles based on median size of each firm All firms grouped by quintiles based on mean size of each firm Figure 1: Change in the Cash Holdings to Total Assets Ratio -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Full sample Developing Developed
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- (0.0788) (0.0010) (0.0891) (0.1199) (0.1802) (0.0075) With industry dummies 0.001469 0.1475** -0.001195 0.0848 0.2330** 0.1056 0.00334 4241
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- (0.0812) (0.0010) (0.0534) (0.1301) (0.1445) (0.0063) With industry dummies 0.007413* 0.04742-0.001836*** -0.06856 0.2991*** 0.2569* 0.02157*** 10268
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- (0.1005) (0.0044) (0.0575) (0.0053) (0.0999) (0.0036) (0.0654) China, People's Rep. of 0.004071 0.2677 0.005726-0.0693159 6630 0.004872 0.2356 0.003152-0.225584 6630
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- (0.1543) (0.0014) (0.1130) (0.4584) (0.3530) (0.0115) With industry dummies 0.00155 0.06785-0.0006621-0.1870** 0.2899* -0.3902* 0.02457*** 6027
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Acharya, Viral, Heitor Almeida, and Murillo Campello. 2007. Is Cash Negative Debt? A Hedging Perspective on Corporate Financial Policies. Journal of Financial Intermediation. Vol. 16. pp. 515–554. Almeida, Heitor, Murillo Campello, and Michael S. Weisbach. 2004. The Cash Flow Sensitivity of Cash. Journal of Finance. Vol. 59, No. 4 (August). pp. 1777–1804. Almeida, Heitor, Murillo Campello, Igor Kunha, and Michael S. Weisbach. 2013. Corporate Liquidity Management: A Conceptual Framework and Survey. NBER Working Paper No. 19502, National Bureau of Economic Research (October). Bacchetta, Philippe, and Kenza Benhima. 2010. The Demand for Liquid Assets, Corporate Saving, and Global Imbalances. Mimeo. Lausanne, France: University of Lausanne. Bates, Thomas W., Kathleen M. Kahle, and Rene M. Stulz. 2009. Why Do US Firms Hold So Much More Cash than They Used To? Journal of Finance. Vol. 64, No. 5
- Baseline Regressions Grouing based on Firm Size q1 CF Size Constant No. of obs. Bottom quintile-0.007304 0.2541*** 0.002576-0.01951 1801
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