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- All regressions are weighted by 2001 district population. All regression control for district fixed-effects and month-year dummies. Standard errors are clustered at the station-level. Significant coefficients are denoted with *,** or *** if significant at the 1%, 5% or 10% level.
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- Figure 1: Trend in Reports by Crime Type Notes: Trend in reports violence against women (VAW); non-gender based violence (Non-VAW) and property crimes. The left-panel uses the sample of cities and the right-panel the sample of states. The y-axis presents the change in the crime rate from the base year of 2005 and 1995, respectively.
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- Figure 2: Police Strength and Female Strength by Rank 0 .02 .04 .06 .08 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 year Constables Head Constables Top 6 Ranks Share of Women to Total by Rank: State-wise Averages Female Officers by Rank Notes: The left figure presents the trend in the ratio of actual female police strength to total by state-year (left) and total police strength per 100,000 population (right axis). The right-figure presents the share of women in top ranks of police (these are Director of Intelligence Bureau, Commissions of Police or Director General of Police, Joint Commissioner of Police, Additional Commissioner of Police, Deputy Commissioner of Police, Superintendent of Police and Additional Superintendent); as inspectors (there is Inspector, Assistant or Sub-Inspector) and as Head Constable and Constables. Data of policing by gender and rank is only available from 2005.
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- Figure 3: Distribution of cities with a woman police station in 2005 and in 2013 Notes: Each dot denotes a city with at least one woman police station. Using data from the Bureau of Police Research and Development, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
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- Figure 4: Correlation between the year of WPS and the year in which women first entered the police AP AS BH GJ KRN KR MP OR PJ RJ TN UP WB 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 Women's Incorporation in the Police (Year) 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Women Police Station Policy Initiation WPS Policy Year Fitted values Women Entering the Police and WPS Policy Notes: The vertical axis is the year in which women first entered the police and the horizontal axis the year in which the Women Police Stations policy was introduced in a state.
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- Figure 5: Event Study of the Effects of WPS in Cities -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3-2 0 1 2 3 4 Cities Sample: 2005-2013 Effect of WPS on Rate of Violence against Women Notes: Coefficients on the time to-since the opening of a police station in cities using as dependent variable the total rate of crimes committed against women. Estimates include city and year fixed-effects and controls for city ratio of females to males and literacy rate a dummy if in a given city-year there is a police commissioner system in place and city-linear trends. The omitted category is year-1 (one year before the policy). Standard errors are clustered at the city-level. All regressions are weighted by population size.
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- The main coefficients of interest are the interaction between a dummy for districts in the state of Jharkhand and a post 2006 dummy. Panel A uses the sample of the 18 border districts (10 from Jharkhand and 8 from Bihar). Panel B uses the sample of all districts in Jharkhand (22) and in Bihar(37). All regressions include district and year fixed effects and, state linear trends. Baseline controls include sex ratio, literacy rate, rural population, share of SC, share of ST. Robust standard-errors are clustered at the district-level. Statistical significance is denoted by ***,** and * at 1%, 5% and 10% level.
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